主题: [12-秋]欧洲文化复习资料中的名词解释大全
一楼喂开这门课的狗。
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The Old Testament
The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”，the agreement between God and Man.
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The New Testament
The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the life and doctrine（教条） of Jesus Christ. It is the four accounts（报告） written by the four disciples（门徒）. The four accounts are Matthew（马太）, Mark（马可）, Luke（路加）, and John（约翰）. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.
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Pentateuch（摩西五经）
The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books： Genesis (创世记)， Exodus (出埃及记)， Leviticus(利未记)， Numbers (民数记)， Deuteronomy (申命记)。
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Genesis（创世记）
Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch（摩西五经），it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people，including the origin of the world and of man，the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.
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Exodus（出埃及记）
Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch（摩西五经），it tells about a religious (宗教的) history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt，the period when they began to receive God‘s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan. And the whole period lasted about 40 years.
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The Prophets（先知）
For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “Prophets” or the spokesmen（发言人） of God. Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.
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The Book of Daniel（但以理书）
The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.
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the Middle ages
In European history，the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. It came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific（明确的）， from the 5th century to 15th century.
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The“Age of Faith”
During the Medieval（中世纪的） Times there was no central government to keep order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.
In the Late Middle Ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church.
Christianity tool the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years in the Middle Ages.
It shaped people’s lives, that is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.
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Feudalism
Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”，a grant (许可的) of land.
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fiefs（采邑）
In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions（再分的部分） were called fiefs.
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vassals（诸侯）
In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs were call vassals.
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dubbing（骑士头衔加冕仪式）
After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments（竞赛）， there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title， knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.
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The Manor（庄园）
The centre of medieval（中世纪的） life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords（农场主）. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses（要塞）. They came to be called castles.
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Early Monasticism (早期修道院制)
Between 300 and 500 A.D.，many men withdrew from (放弃了) worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries (男) and convents (女) for monks and nuns. Some of the hermits (隐士) were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”，whose work is generally considered orthodox.(正统的)
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National Epics(民族史诗运动)
The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is， the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.
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Gothic
The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.
It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and， in some areas， into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.
The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.(罗马式)
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Renaissance
Generally speaking，Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century.
The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴)，specifically in this period of history，revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.
Renaissance，in essence，was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie，to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.
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