主题: 列宁主义是什么?它和马克思主义有什么不同?

What is Leninism and how does it differ from Marxism?

答主:Shayn M., I was a communist for a lot longer than made any sense but I finally got over it

I have just noticed that all 27 responses to this question have been downvoted! I cannot think why however, there are some good, accurate responses.
我刚才注意到这则问题的所有27条回答都被点了踩!我很难想象这是为什么,因为其中有不少很好、很准确的回答。

Anyway, given you don’t like the 27 other answers, several of which are really good answers, you probably won’t like mine either but here goes;
不管怎样,鉴于你不喜欢另外27个回答——其中有几个真的很不错,你可能也不会喜欢我的回答,但我还是要说:

Leninism is a particular attempt to implement Marxist theory in a society which had not attained full capitalism and therefore, according to Marxist dialectical materialism, should not actually be ready to build socialism.
列宁主义是在一个资本主义还没有完全实现的社会贯彻执行马克思主义理论的一次特定尝试,根据马克思的辩证唯物主义观点,这样的社会还没有真正准备好建设社会主义。

Leninism is therefore a kind of revision of Marx’ theory but it definitely saw itself as a form of Marxism.
因此,列宁主义是对马克思理论的一种修正,但它明确地把自己视为马克思主义的一种形式。

At its heart, Leninism was an attempt to develop a practical revolutionary strategy based on Marx’ fairly vague and ambiguous pronouncements on the practicalities of how a revolution would come about and a socialist society be constructed.
列宁主义的核心在于,它尝试发展出一种基于马克思相当含糊且模棱两可的宣言的实际革命策略,它针对的是,如何使革命的发生,并且怎样建设社会主义社会。

In Lenin’s own time, the solutions proposed by the Bolshevik Party (Lenin’s party) were extremely controversial and caused the Marxist movement to split into what would come to monopolise the “communist” label (Marxist-Leninists) and the Marxists opposed to Lenin’s views on questions such as party organisation, revolutionary strategy and revising the doctrine of historical materialism) retained the label “socialist” which they also shared with non-Marxist and liberal socialist movements.
在列宁执政的时期,布尔什维克党(列宁的党)提出的解决方案非常有争议,并且导致了马克思主义运动分裂成两股,其中一股垄断了“共产主义者”的标签(马克思列宁主义),另一股马克思主义者在诸如党组织、革命策略和对历史唯物主义教条的修正等方面反对列宁的观点,他们保留了“社会主义者”的标签,和一些非马克思主义的以及自由主义的社会主义运动分享同样的头衔。

So, to conclude; Leninism is an interpretation of Marxism and, in fact, the interpretation which characterised the 20th century communist movement after 1917.
所以,让我这样结尾:列宁主义是对马克思主义的一种解释,实际上,这种解释就是1917之后的整个20世纪共产主义运动的典型特征。

单词表

given prep. 考虑到
implement v. 贯彻执行
attain v. 实现
dialectical adj. 辩证法的
therefore adv. 因此
revision n. 修正
definitely adv. 明确地
fairly adv. 相当地
vague adj. 含糊的
ambiguous adj. 模棱两可的
pronouncement n. 宣言,声明
practicality n. 可行性
come about v. 发生
propose v. 提出
controversial adj. 有争议的
split v. 分裂
monopolize v. 垄断
doctrine n. 教义
retain v. 保留
conclude v. 结束
interpretation n. 解释
characterize v. 是……的特征

译自:https://qr.ae/pyGWlY

时间:2018年5月4日

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回复: 列宁主义是什么?它和马克思主义有什么不同?

Alex Komarov

==Leninism is a particular attempt to implement Marxist theory in a society which had not attained full capitalism and therefore, according to Marxist dialectical materialism, should not actually be ready to build socialism.==
==列宁主义是在一个资本主义还没有完全实现的社会贯彻执行马克思主义理论的一次特定尝试,根据马克思的辩证唯物主义观点,这样的社会还没有真正准备好建设社会主义。==

There was fundamental problem with traditional Marxist dialectical materialism. Well, there were many problems with it, but Leninism tried to resolve this particular one.
传统的马克思辩证唯物主义有根本性的问题。好吧,它有很多问题,但列宁主义特别尝试去解决这一点。

While you can surely talk about a society being ready vs. not ready for communism, the question remains: what a communist movement should do in the meantime when society is not ready?
当你理所当然地谈论一个社会到底有没有做好迎接共产主义的准备时,有一个问题始终存在:当一个社会还没做好准备时,一场共产主义运动应该为之做什么?

Imagine Russia in the beginning of 20th. It is not simply “not ready”, it is hellishly not ready. So what Russian communist movement is supposed to do? Embrace capitalism and go home until it is ready? Lenin said “screw that – we are taking power, and we are doing now”.
想象一下20世纪初的俄罗斯。它不仅仅是“没准备好”,简直就是地狱般地糟糕。所以俄罗斯的共产主义运动应该去做什么?皈依资本主义,然后回家,等一切完备?列宁说:“去他妈的——我们正取得政权,我们现在就做!”

What that so wrong?
这有什么问题?

Actually yes it was, but let me set aside my biases and rephrase the question:
事实上就是如此,但让我把我的偏见放到一边,重新描述一次这个问题:

What that so wrong from Marxist point of view?
从马克思主义的观点看,列宁主义有什么问题?

No. Let me refer you to the ending of the Communist Manifesto: “Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win.”
没有问题。让我给你看看共产党宣言的结尾:“让统治阶级在共产主义革命面前发抖吧。无产者在这个革命中失去的只是锁链。他们获得的将是整个世界。”

I do not know about you but I do not see how men who written that would not approve what Lenin has done.
我不知道你是什么想法,但我看不出一个写下这样句子的人怎么会不赞成列宁所做的事。

单词表

resolve v. 解决
meantime n. 其间
hellishly adv. 地狱般地
be supposed to do 应该做……
embrace v. 皈依
screw that 去他妈的
take power 取得政权
aside adv. 到旁边,在旁边
bias n. 偏见
rephrase v. 重新措辞
manifesto n. 宣言
tremble v. 颤抖
proletarian n. 无产阶级

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回复: 列宁主义是什么?它和马克思主义有什么不同?

What's the difference between Leninism and Marxism-Leninism?

答主:Dima Vorobiev, Former Soviet propaganda executive

Leninism is an application of Marxism for the purposes of taking and retaining state power.
列宁主义是马克思主义的一项应用,其目的是获取和保持国家政权。

The core of Leninism is the idea of vanguard party. It was introduced by Marx in the Communist Manifesto, but never given any particular treatment in his later works.
列宁主义的核心是先锋队的理论。他是由马克思在《共产党宣言》中首次引入的,但是在他后来的作品中从未给出任何详细的讨论。

Leninism found its further development in later theoretical works of Trotsky, and was implemented to a great success by Mao, Pol Pot, Kim Il Sung and others prominent figures. Stalin was a faithful and brilliant practitioner of Leninist ideas in his transformation of the USSR into a modernized core of the future global Communist empire. He made the country a springboard for the international proletarian revolution, based on a world-class military-industrial complex, all-emcompassing totalitarian ideology and pervasive police state.
列宁主义在托洛茨基后来的理论著作中得到了更长远的发展,并且在毛、波尔布特、金日成和其他知名人物的贯彻执行中大获成功。斯大林是一个忠诚而令人印象深刻的列宁主义的执行者,他藉此将苏联改造成一个未来的共产主义帝国的现代化核心。他把国家打造成国际无产阶级革命的跳板,而它的基础是世界一流的军工复合体、包罗万象的极权主义意识形态和遍布警察的国家。

The Soviet poster below visualizes the iconic Lenin’s quote that captured the essence of Leninism: “The Party is the mind, honor, and conscience of our age!”
下面的苏联海报用可视的形象直观展示了列宁符号化的名言,它抓住了列宁主义的本质:“党是我们时代的头脑、荣耀和良心!”
https://s3.bmp.ovh/imgs/2023/05/12/be09e97cbb3d1212.webp
单词表

vanguard n. 先锋
introduce v. 首次引入
particular adj. 详尽的
treatment n. 讨论
implement v. 贯彻执行
prominent adj. 著名的
brilliant adj. 辉煌的,令人印象深刻的
practitioner n. 执业者
springboard n. 出发点
world-class adj. 世界一流的
complex n. 复合体
encompass v. 包含
totalitarian adj. 集权主义的
pervasive adj. 遍布的
poster n. 海报
iconic adj. 符号化的
quote n. 引文
essence n. 本质
conscience n. 良心

译自:https://qr.ae/pyh8Ej

时间:2018年5月4日

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回复: 列宁主义是什么?它和马克思主义有什么不同?

What's the difference between Leninism and Marxism-Leninism?

答主:Misha Firer, Writer

Marxism to Leninism is what Quran is to ISIS.
马克思主义之于列宁主义,就像古兰经之于ISIS。

A religious document (Das Kapital, The Communist Manifesto) used as a pretext to torture, kill fellow human beings and unleash a reign of terror to satisfy base instincts of the small clique and to keep populace in check.
一份宗教文本(《资本论》,《共产党宣言》)被用作借口来折磨、杀死同胞,实行恐怖统治以满足小集团的低劣本能,并将人民置于压制之下。

Vladimir Lenin, the founder of Russian ‘modern’ state, was a blood-thirsty fanatic and tyrant. (All the quotes are Lenin’s)
弗拉基米尔·列宁,“现代”俄罗斯国家的建立者,是一个嗜血的狂热分子和暴君。(所有引文都来自列宁)

Great plan! Finish it with Dzerzhinsky. Under the guise of "greens" (we will blame them later), we will go 10-20 miles and hang kulaks, priests, landlords. Prize: 100.000 rubles for the hanged man...
“很好的计划!和捷尔任斯基一起去完成它。在“绿军”的伪装下(迟些时候就归咎于他们),我们将前进10-20英里,吊死富农、牧师和地主。奖品是:每个吊死的人10万卢布。”

Lenin was the original leader of the terrorist organisation Bolsheviks that came to terrorise the people of different nationalities in the largest country in the world.
列宁是恐怖组织布尔什维克最初的领导人,他的到来就是为了恐吓这个世界上最大的国家里不同民族的人民。

Bolsheviks appearance out of obscurity and a quick rise to power were a genetic imprint of the Golden Horde rapid subjugation of Russia.
布尔什维克从默默无闻中突然出现并迅速抵达权力巅峰,其中有着金帐汗国迅速征服俄罗斯的基因印记。

... Can you still tell Teru to prepare everything for burning Baku completely, in case of an invasion, and to announce it in print in Baku.
“……请你依旧告诉泰鲁,做好完全烧毁巴库的一切准备,以防遭到入侵,并且在巴库的出版物上宣布这一点。”

After getting rid of the provisional government, Lenin proceeded to exterminate whole classes of the society like Mao, Pol Pot, and other terrorist proto-communist organisations will do after him.
在摆脱了临时政府的威胁后,列宁继续推进对全部社会阶级的消灭,就像毛、波尔布特和其他原教旨主义共产恐怖分子组织之后做的那样。

Fortunately, Civil War, irresistible urge to write down every thought no matter how trite that came to his mind and grave venereal disease , put caps on how many people Lenin could condemn to death.
幸运的是,内战、不管多平庸也要把自己的每个想法都写下来的无法抗拒的强烈欲望和严重的性病,限制了而列宁能宣判死刑的人数上限。

Saratov, (to the Commissioner of the People's Commissariat for Food) ... I advise you to appoint your superiors and shoot the conspirators and those who hesitate, without asking anyone and without allowing idiotic red tape.
“萨拉托夫,(对粮食人民委员说)……我建议你任命你的升级,并射杀掉密谋者和那些犹豫不决的人,不要征求任何人的意见, 也不要搞愚蠢的繁文缛节。”

However, Stalin who came after him continued the labours of Russian ISIS, and corpses now counted in millions. Essentially, the seeds of the collapse of the Soviet and in the future Russian state should be directly attributed to Stalin and Lenin.
然而,他的继任者斯大林继续了俄罗斯ISIS的任务和今天算起来数以百万计的尸体。本质上,苏维埃崩溃的种子和未来的俄罗斯国家都可以直接归因于斯大林和列宁。

Only after Stalin’s death and Khrushchev’s denunciation of bloody Stalin’s rule, could Russia turn a page on state terrorism.
只有当斯大林死后,赫鲁晓夫公开谴责了斯大林的血腥统治后,俄罗斯才能够从国家恐怖主义这一页上翻篇。

Sviyazhsk, Trotsky. Surprised and dismayed by the slowdown in the operation against Kazan, especially if what I have been told is true that you have a full opportunity to destroy the enemy with artillery. In my opinion, it is impossible to spare the city and postpone it longer, because merciless extermination is necessary.
“斯维亚日斯克,托洛茨基。我为针对喀山的行动被延缓而感到惊讶和诧异,尤其是如果我所听到的事情是真的,你们本有充分的机会用火炮摧毁敌人。依我之见,饶恕这座城市并进一步拖延是不可能的,因为毫无慈悲的消灭是必要的。”

It is important to understand that Nikita Khrushchev as a governor of Ukrainian republic took active part in Stalin’s purges and thousands of arrests, and then as a general secretary organized de-Stalinisation of the Soviet Union.
必须了解的是:尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫曾经作为乌克兰共和国的统治者,积极参与到斯大林的大清洗和数以千计的逮捕行动中,然后才作为总书记在苏联组织了去斯大林化运动。

By the same token, the new national leader of Russian Federation might come from Putin’s inner circle and denounce his old master and his practices, in which he’s actively participating right this moment.
基于同样的原因,俄罗斯联邦的新领导人也可能来自普京的核心圈内,并谴责他的旧主及其行为——而这个人现在正积极参与这些行为中。

As for foreigners, I advise you not to hurry with expulsion. Wouldn't a concentration camp be better?
“至于外国人,我建议你们不要急着驱逐。集中营不是更好吗?”

Putinism is a natural extension of Marxism-Leninism for Putin is a product of the same system of terror via KGB.
普京主义是马克思列宁主义的自然延伸,因为普京就是克格勃制造的同款恐怖体制。

The main principles of his reign of terror main were to benefit elites at the expense of the populace who are kept in control through terror, random arrests, and propaganda.
他恐怖的君主统治的主要原则,就是以平民百姓为代价图利精英,而用恐怖、随机逮捕和政治宣传来控制人民。

The court must not eliminate terror; to promise this would be self-deception or deceit, but to substantiate and legitimize it on principle, clearly, without falsehood and without embellishment.
法院不允许清除恐怖——如果承诺这个,那就是自欺欺人或诈骗——相反,它是要证明并在原则上使其合法化,这毫无疑问,我没有说谎,也没有添油加醋。

According to liberal TV channel Rain, 49% responders stated that Lenin’s activities evoke positive feelings in them, and only 29% negative sympathies. 51% of responders sympathise with Stalin, and 28% feel negative about his activities.
根据自由派媒体TV Rain,49%的受访者认为列宁的活动给他们带来的是正面感觉,而只有29%的负面观感。51%的受访者同情斯大林,而28%的人对他的活动感到反感。

Nicholas “Bloody” the Second, ideological enemy of Lenin and Stalin, is more popular that both of them, at 54% feeling positive about his contribution to Russia, and 23% feeling negative.
“血腥的”尼古拉二世,列宁和斯大林的意识形态敌人,比二者都更受欢迎,有54%的人积极评价他对俄罗斯的贡献,而23%的人持消极态度。

Russians identify themselves with the state and its supreme leader , and sync in their opinions with that of the state, wether it’s run by an ethnic German monarch, a Georgian maniac, or a Russian thug masquerading as president.
俄罗斯人通过国家和它们的最高领袖来塑造自我认同,并且把国家的观点当作自己的观点,不管它背后的运营者是从德国来的君主、格鲁吉亚疯子还是伪装成总统的俄罗斯恶棍。

单词表

pretext n. 借口
torture v. 折磨
fellow n. 同伴
unleash v. 解除对……的限制
reign n. 统治时期
base adj. 卑劣的
instinct n. 本能
clique n. 小集团
populace n. 平民百姓
in check 在抑制下
fanatic n. 狂热分子
guise n. 伪装
kulak n. (沙俄时代的)富农
priest n. 牧师
terrorize v. 恐吓
nationality n. 民族
obscurity n. 默默无闻
genetic adj. 基因的
imprint n. 印记
subjugation n. 征服
in case of 万一发生
provisional adj. 临时的
proceed v. 继续做
exterminate v. 消灭
proto- comb. 原始的
irresistible adj. 无法抗拒的
urge n. 强烈的欲望
trite adj. 平庸的
grave adj. 严重的
venereal adj. 性病的
condemn v. 宣判
put caps on 设定上限
commissioner n. 政府部门的首长
commissariat n. 人民委员部
appoint v. 任命
conspirator n. 阴谋者
hesitate v. 犹豫
idiotic adj. 愚蠢的
red tape n. 繁文缛节
labour n. 任务
attribute v. 把……归因于
denunciation v. 公开谴责
dismay v. 使诧异
artillery n. 火炮
spare v. 饶恕
postpone v. 延期
extermination n. 消灭
purge v. 清洗
token n. 信物,标志
by the same token 基于同样的原因
denounce v. 谴责
practice n. 通常的做法
inner circle 核心集团
expulsion n. 驱逐
concentration camp 集中营
eliminate v. 清除
self-deception n. 自我欺骗
deceit n. 欺诈
substantiate v. 证明
legitimize v. 使合法
clearly adv. 毫无疑问
falsehood n. 谎言
embellishment v. 润色
state v. 陈述
evoke v. 引起
sympathy n. 同情,共鸣
ethnic adj. 异国风情的
thug n. 恶棍
maniac n. 疯子
masquerade v. 乔装

译自:https://qr.ae/pyh8sm

时间:2022年8月2日

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