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主题: 马克思列宁主义如何塑造了苏联？

How did Marxism-Leninism shape the USSR?

答主：Dima Vorobiev, Former Soviet propaganda executive

The USSR put into practice the ten-point to-do list from the Communist Manifesto (see below). True to the idea of Karl Marx, the Soviet Communists led by Lenin and Trotsky:
苏联把共产党宣言中提到的十点待办事项列表（见后文）付诸实践。忠实于卡尔·马克思的思想，列宁和托洛茨基领导的苏维埃共产主义者们：

·organized themselves into a vanguard party that took the state power
·把他们自己组织成了一个先锋队政党，然后夺取了国家权力
·installed the dictatorship of the proletariat and poor peasants
·建立了无产阶级的贫农的专政
·abolished the private ownership on the means of production
·废除了生产资料的私有制

It resulted in collectivization of agriculture, crash industrialization, universal education and health care, and the creation of a world-class military-industrial complex.
·它的结果是农业集体化、快速工业化、普及的教育和健康保障，以及建立了世界级的军工复合体。

As a fully implemented Statist Socialism, the Marxism-Leninism took the form of Stalinism. Stalinism inspired Communists in China, North Korea and several other countries, where it was successfully replicated. Despite deep inbuilt economic inefficiencies, even after the bankruptcy of the Soviet state and abolition of the Communist project in China, Vietnam and Europe, Communism still is holding ground in Cuba and North Korea.
作为贯彻彻底的社会主义计划经济，马克思列宁主义表现为斯大林主义的形式。斯大林主义鼓舞了中国、北朝鲜和其他几个国家的共产主义者，并将这套体制复制到他们的国家。尽管它有着内在的经济低效性，即使在苏联解体，中国、越南与欧洲废除共产主义的计划之后，共产主义仍然在古巴和北朝鲜继续存在。

History has unequivocally proved that Marxism-Leninism in its Stalinist form is the only variation of Marxism that is practically achievable.
历史已经明确表明，表现为斯大林主义形式的马克思列宁主义，是马克思主义唯一实际可行的变种。

The Communist Manifesto program:
《共产党宣言》的规划：

1.Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.
1、废除土地所有权，并将所有土地的租金用于公共目的。
2.A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
2、课沉重的累进或分等级的所得税。
3.Abolition of all rights of inheritance.
3、废除一切继承权。
4.Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
4、剥夺所有移民和叛乱者的财产。
5.Centralisation of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly.
5、将存款集中并由国家控制，通过一个执行国家资本主义并拥有专门的垄断权的国家银行。
6.Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State.
6、将通讯和交通集中化并控制在国家手中。
7.Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.
7、扩建工厂，生产工具由国家持有；将荒地开垦用于农业生产，且土地增长基本上与常规的计划保持一致。
8.Equal liability of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
8、所有人都有平等的工作义务。建立产业军，特别是农业。
9.Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the populace over the country.
9、将农业和制造业结合；通过国家内部更少的人口流动，逐渐废除城乡差别
10.Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s factory labor. Combination of education with industrial production
10.公立学校对所有儿童实行免费教育。废除工厂运用童工。将教育和工业生产相结合。

Source: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/w … ifesto.pdf
来源：https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Manifesto.pdf

单词表

manifesto n. 宣言
true to 忠实于
abolish v. 废除
collectivization n. 集体化
crash adj. 速成的
implement v. 贯彻
statist adj. 计划经济的
take the form of 表现为……的形式
inspire v. 激励，引发
replicate v. 复制
despite prep. 尽管
inbuilt adj. 内置的
inefficiency n. 低效率
bankruptacy n. 破产
abolition n. 废止
unequivocally adv. 明确地
variation n. 变奏
achievable adj. 可完成的
program n. 规划
property n. 财产
property in land n. 土地所有权
progressive adj. 进步的；累进的
graduated adj. 分等级的
inheritance n. 继承，遗产
confiscation n. 没收
emigrant n. 移民
credit n. 存款
exclusive adj. 专有的
monopoly n. 垄断权
communication n. 通讯
instrument n. 工具，器械
waste-land n. 荒地
soil n. 土地
in accordance with 与……一致
liability n. 责任，义务
gradual adj.逐渐的
distinction n. 差别
distribution n. 分配
equable adj. 变动小的

译自：https://qr.ae/pyrB1H

时间：2018年12月6日

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回复: 马克思列宁主义如何塑造了苏联？

Randall Burns

Marx’s contemporary and rival Henry George observed in Progress and Poverty that if any form of state socialism with a centrally planned economy were tried that something like Stalanism was the likely result. Marx and George did not like each other very much, but Marx certainly had read that work on George’s part. George wanted to restrict the economic role of government to taxation of land, clear negative externalities, monopolies and concentration of wealth with monopoly impact(a lot of folks claim he only wanted concentration of land). George advocated state owned enterprises only as a last resort for things like central banks or municipal ownership of utilities.
与马克思同一时期的，他的竞争对手亨利·乔治在《进步与贫困》中说过，如果任何形式的有中央计划经济的国家社会主义得到尝试，那么就很可能得到某种类似斯大林主义的东西。马克思和乔治非常不喜欢对方，但马克思肯定读过乔治的作品。乔治希望限制把政府在经济活动中的地位限制在土地税收、清除有害的外部效应、垄断和垄断影响下的财富集中（有很多人声称他只是想要把土地集中）。乔治提倡把国有企业仅仅当做像中央银行或者市属公共事业那样的最后手段。

单词表

contemporary n. 同代人
observe v. 说话，评论
on one's part 就……而言
taxation n. 税收
externality n. 【经济学】外部效应
monopoly n. 垄断
impact n. 巨大影响，强大作用
folks n. 人民
advocate v. 提倡
resort n. 应急手段
municipal adj. 市政的
utility n. 公共事业

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回复: 马克思列宁主义如何塑造了苏联？

Jeff York

Unbelievable. I’ve somehow made it to age 59 without reading Marx’s ten points before, although I knew it in general. Point #10 is admirable, of course. The rest is straight out of a George Orwell novel. Said in all seriousness, I give thanks to Almighty God for Adam Smith and other Enlightenment thinkers, America’s Founding Fathers, and Western Civilization in general. How the Bernie Sanders and Hugo Chavez types of this world can believe the nonsense they spew is beyond me.
难以置信。我不知为何竟活到59岁还从未看过马克思的这十条，尽管我总体上了解它。当然，第十条值得称赞。剩下的直接来自乔治·奥威尔的小说。严肃地说，我要感谢全能的主，为了亚当·斯密和其他启蒙思想家们，美国的建国之父们，以及总体上的西方文明。我实在无法想象世界上怎么会有像伯尼·桑德斯和乌戈·查韦斯这种人，他们怎么会相信自己吐出来的荒谬想法。

Oruzi Barkadie

Adam Smith, the so called enlightenment thinker, believed that an invisible hand of the market, a random, unintelligent agent, would make efficient distribution of resources. But looking at how there are greedy capitalist pigs like Bezos and Musk and at the same time prostitutes, starving and homeless people in the same country called the U.S implies the invisible hand is not efficient at organising society, only capital. And the fact that a command economy was what changed Russia from a broken agrarian, illiterate country into a superpower, or China, who had 30 years average life expectancy to be doubled in less than 30 years, implies socialism is the best solution for organising society in a democratic, equitable and sustainable way.
亚当·斯密，就是所谓启蒙思想家，认为市场有一只看不见的手，一种胡乱、愚蠢的原动力，会有效率的分配资源。但请看看贪婪的资本猪像贝佐斯和马斯克，与此同时还有很多妓女、饥饿而无家可归的人同样生活在美国，这表明看不见的手所谓的效率只是针对资本的，而不是针对社会有机体的。而是事实是，正是指令型经济让俄罗斯从一片破碎的土地和文盲的国家变成一个超级强权，让中国花了不到30年的时间就让人均寿命从30岁翻了一倍，他们证明了对于一个想要走一条民主、公平和可持续发展的道路的社会有机体来说，社会主义才是最好的解决方案。

单词表

make it to 到达
somehow adv. 不知为什么
straight out of 来自，取自
said in all seriousness 严肃地说
Almighty God 万能的上帝
nonsense 荒谬的想法
spew v. 呕吐
beyond me 超出我的理解能力
the so called 所谓的
random adj. 胡乱的
unintelligent adj. 愚蠢的
agent n. 原动力
distribution v. 分配
prostitute n. 妓女
imply v. 表明
organise v. 有机化
agrarian adj. 土地的
illiterate adj. 文盲的
equitable adj. 公正的
sustainable adj. 可持续的

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