第六章 魏晋南北朝

从政治形势、经济格局、思想文化、民族关系来讲

第一节 从动乱走向区域性的统一三国时代

一、三国鼎立的形成

1、改刺史为州牧(有军政大权)
(1)时间:188年
(2)目的:
  1)加强对地方的控制(避免郡守权力膨胀;州牧要选择有名望,值得信任的宗室大臣,给予全州郡的军政大权)
  2)镇压农民军
(3)结果:反而增加了离心力,加速东汉王朝的衰落

2、董卓之乱
(1)动因:灵帝时期宦官掌握大权,灵帝死后,外戚与宦官的斗争白热化;一番混乱后,宦官、外戚尽死,权力出现真空
(2)结果:
  1)朝野空虚
  2)董卓野心膨胀,进京废黜在位仅6月的少帝刘辩,立9岁的刘协为帝;他逼走袁绍、曹操等人,独揽朝政
  3)各方不满,诸州牧准备讨伐董卓

3、关东(潼关以东)军讨董卓
(1)190年,关东诸牧守起兵讨董卓,共推渤海太守袁绍为盟主,号称“关东军”
(2)董卓挟持献帝西迁长安,洛阳周围被洗劫一空
(3)192年,长安兵变,王允与吕布合谋杀死吕布

4、军阀混战的形成
(1)长安混战后变为废墟,关东军内部开始争权,联盟很快瓦解
(2)几大割据势力形成
  1)袁绍
  2)曹操
  3)公孙瓒
  4)陶谦、吕布
  5)韩遂、马腾
  6)袁术
  7)刘表
  8)刘焉
  9)孙策
  10)公孙度
  11)刘备
(3)影响:百姓遭殃、户口十不存一。黄河中下游出现“”景象……

二、官渡之战与曹操统一北方

1、曹操壮大的过程:
(1)192年曹操在济北(今山东长清)打败青州黄巾军,收编30万“青州兵”;地方武装也率宗族、部曲投奔曹操
(2)196年,曹操迎汉献帝于许昌(河南),挟天子以令诸侯,取得政治优势
(3)经济上,屯田解决粮食问题
(4)军事上,击败一些大的军阀:张绣、刘表、袁术、吕布
(5)200年时,曹操已基本占据黄河以南、淮河以北的地区,只有黄河以北的袁绍是最大的威胁

2、官渡之战
(1)时间:200年
(2)目标:争夺黄河中下游地区的统治权
(3)结果:曹操大胜,为其统一北方奠定了基础
(4)曹操胜利的原因:
  1)袁绍优柔寡断,刚愎自用,内部不团结,军心涣散
  2)曹操军事才能杰出,内部团结,军队战斗力强

3、后续
(1)207年,曹操打败乌桓,巩固了北方的统一

三、赤壁之战与三国鼎立局面的形成

1、赤壁之战
(1)背景
  1)201年,刘备投靠荆州的刘表,屯兵新野,防备曹操。他三顾茅庐请出诸葛亮,得到“隆中对”
  2)208年,曹操大军南下,刘表病死,即位的刘琮不战而降
(2)经过:孙刘联合共抗曹军,在赤壁(今湖北蒲圻西北)
(3)结果:孙刘联军胜,曹操退回北方,将汉中据为己有
(4)曹操失败的原因:内部不稳、水军不敌、遭遇瘟疫、中诈降计
(5)影响:奠定三国鼎立的基础

2、刘备取益州、汉中
(1)刘备夺取荆州大部与益州
(2)谋士法正力主夺取益州的屏障汉中,黄忠在定军山(今陕西勉县)大破曹军主力,击斩夏侯渊,占据汉中

3、荆州之争
(1)背景:关羽守荆州
  1)曹操欲迁都以避其锋
  2)赤壁之战后孙权在江南发展势力,荆州战略位置重要,对孙权构成威胁
(2)结果:
  1)关羽败走麦城,在漳乡被东吴的军队擒杀
  2)吴蜀联盟破裂
(3)荆州问题的出现与关羽失荆州的原因
  1)关羽失荆州的原因学界有不同的解读(《三国谋略》P119)
  2)关羽出兵襄樊,谁的决定?诸葛亮为什么不救关羽?不救关羽就是放弃荆州?

4、夷陵虓亭之战
(1)目标:争夺荆州
(2)过程:
  1)220年,曹操病死、曹丕称帝,国号魏,定都洛阳
  2)221年,孙权接受曹丕吴王封号;刘备在成都称帝,国号汉
  3)221年,刘备以替关羽报仇为名,倾全国之兵力与孙权争夺荆州
  4)222年到夷陵(今湖北宜昌),东吴陆逊用火攻,在虓亭大败蜀军,刘备几乎全军覆灭
(3)结果:刘备惨败;益、荆二路北伐战略折翼,蜀汉偏居巴蜀

5、三国鼎立局面的形成及其原因
(1)过程
  1)诸葛亮再次与吴结盟,共同抗拒曹魏
  2)229年,孙权在建业(今南京)称帝,建国吴,三国鼎立局面形成
(2)形成原因:
  1)世家大族势力的膨胀,使政治分裂的倾向加剧
  2)各地区的经济发展是三国鼎立局面形成的经济因素
  3)经过几次大战,三者之间在军事上形成了微妙的平衡
  4)人才相对集中于三个政治势力,也是三国鼎立形成的人才因素

二、曹魏政权

1、屯田制的推行与北方经济的恢复
(1)屯田制推行的条件
  1)豪强地主逃亡、土地荒芜,无主荒地出现
  2)百姓流徙,大量人口依附于世家大族,成为国家的隐性人口
  3)196年(建安元年),曹操从与黄巾军战争中夺得大批劳动力和耕牛农具
(2)屯田制:
  1)功能:田制及地方的行政区划
  2)分类
  (I)民屯:政府设农官管理,直接隶属于中央的大司农,土地所有权属于国家、屯田客,50人一屯(军事化管理、发给生产资料),按实际收成向国家分成缴纳田租。
    I)对国家有利:保证国家获得更高的地租,将大量的土地和劳动力集中在自己手中、在一定程度上抑制了豪强对土地的兼并和劳动力的争夺
  (II)军屯:士卒(士家)屯田,“十二分休制”:8人耕田、2人巡守
    I)作用:使军事重镇附近的荒地得到开发、供应军资、减轻了农民养兵运粮的负担。
(3)对编户、自耕农实施租(按土地交)调(按户交)制,代替了汉的税种;204年,颁布了《收田租令》
(4)曹魏时期北方水利的发展:白沟、平虏渠、泉州渠和新河等其他水渠
  1)结果:
  (I)便利了北方的漕运和交通
  (II)北方农业生产恢复:为曹魏政权巩固及以后灭蜀并吴,统一全国准备了重要的物质条件

2、从唯才是举到九品中正制
(1)曹操时代
  1)拉拢豪强地主、士人为己所用,以对抗袁绍
  2)唯才是举,重视人才的选拔:多次下达“唯才是举”的求贤令,道德品质不论,只要有治国用兵之术都可以得到重用
  3)客观作用:打破东汉以来官僚选拔系统被世家大族垄断的局面,使曹魏政权有了新气象
(2)曹丕时代
  1)220年,曹丕即位为魏王,为获得世家大族的支持和合作,接受陈群的建议,采用“九品中正制”的选官方法
  2)九品中正制
  (I)“中正”位置是关键;中央选派中正官回原籍选拔人才
  (II)标准:家世、才、德
  (III)结果与影响:逐渐形成(晋初)“上品无寒门,下品无世族”的局面,加强了门阀士族控制选官用人的权力,为其世代掌权提供了制度和组织的保证

3、三国时杰出的政治家——曹操(补充材料P40,另有《三国志·武帝纪》)
(1)政治家:
  1)利用家世背景与宦官集团保持联系。但也看出了它们的问题。拒绝许攸等人某废灵帝的建议、拒绝了董卓高官厚禄的拉拢,加入讨伐董卓的队伍。
  2)重视发展生产,解决粮食问题
  3)迎汉献帝于许昌,“奉天子以令不臣”,取得政治上的优势;拒绝孙权要其称帝的建议;三让献帝封魏王、受九锡(政治远见和作为避免了自己成为众矢之的)
(2)军事家:
  1)军事理论:著有《孙子略解》、《兵书要略》等
  2)指挥著名战役:官渡之战;定陶之战巧摆空城计,令吕布却步
  3)与其他军阀征战成功,扩大地盘、势力
  4)军事轶事:马踏青苗、望梅止渴
(3)人才观:任人唯贤、唯才是举(选女婿也以是否有才气为标准P40)
(4)文学家:建安文学。诗篇:《蒿里行》、《观沧海》、《短歌行》、《碣石篇》等
(5)曹操对自己身后事的安排:设置72座假坟,防备真墓被盗。遗命后宫自食其力。曹操的墓到底在哪里?始终是一个难解之谜。

4、魏文帝——曹丕(补充P42)

曹丕(187-226),曹操的第二个儿子。在位7年,病死。

(1)曹丕与曹植:设计陷害曹植,使曹操取消了曹植的统兵权,217年立曹丕为王位继承人
(2)220年正月,曹操去世,经过一段时间的舆论准备之后,220年10月,废汉献帝自立为帝(汉魏故事:《三国谋略》P110-114)
(3)推行“九品中正制”,确立了世家大族在政治上的特权
(4)喜欢文学:曹植七步诗;《魏文帝集》;《典论·论文》是中国较早的文艺理论批评专著
(5)对身后事的安排:立储;后宫宫人回家

5、魏明帝——曹睿(补充材料P42)

曹睿(205-239):曹丕长子,在位13年,病死。

(1)阻挡诸葛亮北伐:诸葛亮北伐曹魏的南安、天水、安定(属今天的甘肃地区),曹睿亲自西镇长安,魏将张郃在街亭击败马谡,诸葛亮退兵
(2)信任司马懿,化解诸葛亮激将法式的挑战,与蜀国长期对峙,消耗蜀国的实力(234年)。击败吴国的进攻
(3)平定辽东公孙渊的叛乱。司马懿,237年
(4)重视文士,崇文馆。擅长乐府诗,与曹操、曹丕并称为曹魏“三祖”
(5)对身后事的安排:将8岁的儿子曹芳托孤于司马懿;拜皇族曹爽(曹操侄孙)为大将军,都督中外军事,埋下隐患

曹芳(少帝)时,司马懿开始掌握大权。

三、蜀汉政权(教材P160)

1、刘备(补充P44;《三国志·先主传》)

刘备(161-223年),字玄德。在位3年,病死。

2、刘禅(补充P45;《三国志·后主传》)

刘禅(207-271年),刘备子。国亡投降。轶事:乐不思蜀。

3、诸葛亮治蜀与北伐
(1)重建吴蜀联盟:“南中诸郡,并皆叛乱,亮以新遭大丧,故未便加兵,且遣使聘吴,因结和亲,遂为与国。“(《三国志》)
(2)安定南中:“三年春,亮率众南征,其秋悉平。军资所出,国以富饶,乃治戎讲武,以俟大举。”(《三国志》)
(3)以法治蜀:“科教严明,赏罚必信,无恶不惩,无善不显,至于吏不容奸,人怀自厉,道不拾遗,强不侵弱,风化肃然也。”(《三国志》)
(4)北伐中原:以失败告终(每每粮尽退兵)

问题:
1、刘备为什么三顾茅庐?诸葛亮的家世背景起了关键的作用(《三国志》、《三国谋略》P3)
(1)汉司隶校尉诸葛丰后人,父亲诸葛珪为泰山郡丞,兄长诸葛瑾受孙权重用,弟弟诸葛均与诸葛亮在一起
(2)叔父诸葛玄:与袁术、刘表交好;诸葛亮的大姐嫁给蒯氏家族的蒯祺(荆州大族);二姐嫁给襄阳名士庞德公的儿子庞山民(荆州名门望族);诸葛亮娶了荆州大族黄承彦的女儿(黄承彦的妻子是荆州名门蔡讽的女儿;蔡讽的另一个女儿嫁给了刘表)
  1)诸葛亮在叔父去世后带弟弟到隆中,博览群书,并利用关系开展游学,向名师求教,并结交好友(庞德公、司马徽对其影响甚重)

2、诸葛亮为什么择主事刘备?(《三国谋略》P13)
(1)刘备是英雄
(2)刘备的人才资源贫乏
(3)刘备能人尽其才,知人善任

3、诸葛亮想做皇帝?(《三国谋略》P44)诸葛亮北伐是否有政治上不可告人的秘密?(《三国谋略》P56)

四、孙吴在江南

1、历代统治者简介
(1)孙策(175-200),孙坚的儿子,东吴政权的实际奠定者。投靠袁术,194年,袁术将孙坚的军队划归他率领,向南发展。周瑜与他回合。曹操看重他,任为讨逆将军,封吴侯。200年,官渡之战时,试图偷袭许昌,劫取汉献帝,但突然受伤去世
(2)孙权

827

(15 篇回复,发表在 琵琶湖酒馆)

流苏 写道:

水波 说:
豆瓣跟古埃及最大的共同点就是大家都在板子上写东西,然后各种崇拜猫。

古埃及怎么是在板子上写东西?

Enlightenment

Enlightenment was an intellectual(智力的) movement originating(发源) in France, which attracted widespread(普遍的) support among the ruling and intellectual class of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes(以……为特点) the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice(偏见), unexamined authority(权威) and oppression(压抑) by Church or State. Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason.

一楼喂开课的狗!

Roman legions 罗马军团

Pax Romana 罗马盛世

Cicero 西塞罗

Julius Caesar 尤利乌斯·恺撒

Virgil 维吉尔(诗人)

Aeneid 埃涅阿斯纪(楼上写的史诗)

Pantheon 万神殿

Colosseum 哥罗塞姆竞技场

Citizen-assembly 公民大会

史诗

Homer 荷马
Iliad 伊利亚特
Odyssey 奥德赛

史诗人物

Agamemnon 阿伽门农
Odysseus 奥德修斯
Ulysses 尤里西斯(英文版奥德修斯)
Penelope 珀涅罗珀

三大悲剧男

Aeschylus 埃斯库罗斯
Sophocles 索福克勒斯
Euripides 欧里庇得斯

悲剧

Prometheus Bound 被缚的普罗米修斯
Oedipus the King 俄狄浦斯王
Trojan Women 特洛伊妇女

喜剧男

Aristophanes 阿里斯托芬

历史学家

Herodotus 希罗多德
Thucydides 修昔底德

科学家

Euclid 欧几里得
Archimedes 阿基米德

柱子

Doric 多利亚式
Ionic 爱奥尼亚式
Corinthian 科林斯式

好建筑

the Acrpolis at Athens 雅典卫城
the Parthenon 帕特农神庙

Renaissance

Generally speaking,Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century.
The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴),specifically in this period of history,revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.
Renaissance,in essence,was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.

Gothic

The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.
It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.
The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.(罗马式)

National Epics(民族史诗运动)

The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.

Early Monasticism (早期修道院制)

Between 300 and 500 A.D.,many men withdrew from (放弃了) worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries (男) and convents (女) for monks and nuns. Some of the hermits (隐士) were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”,whose work is generally considered orthodox.(正统的)

The Manor(庄园)

The centre of medieval(中世纪的) life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords(农场主). By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses(要塞). They came to be called castles.

dubbing(骑士头衔加冕仪式)

After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments(竞赛), there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.

vassals(诸侯)

In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs were call vassals.

fiefs(采邑)

In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions(再分的部分) were called fiefs.

Feudalism

Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”,a grant (许可的) of land.

The“Age of Faith”

During the Medieval(中世纪的) Times there was no central government to keep order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.
In the Late Middle Ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church.
Christianity tool the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years in the Middle Ages.
It shaped people’s lives, that is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.

the Middle ages

In European history,the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. It came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific(明确的), from the 5th century to 15th century.

The Book of Daniel(但以理书)

The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.

The Prophets(先知)

For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “Prophets” or the spokesmen(发言人) of God. Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.

Exodus(出埃及记)

Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch(摩西五经),it tells about a religious (宗教的) history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt,the period when they began to receive God‘s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan. And the whole period lasted about 40 years.

Genesis(创世记)

Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch(摩西五经),it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people,including the origin of the world and of man,the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.

Pentateuch(摩西五经)

The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis (创世记), Exodus (出埃及记), Leviticus(利未记), Numbers (民数记), Deuteronomy (申命记)。

The New Testament

The Bible was divided into two sections:the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the life and doctrine(教条) of Jesus Christ. It is the four accounts(报告) written by the four disciples(门徒). The four accounts are Matthew(马太), Mark(马可), Luke(路加), and John(约翰). The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.

The Old Testament

The Bible was divided into two sections:the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”,the agreement between God and Man.

一楼喂开这门课的狗。