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Enlightenment

Enlightenment was an intellectual（智力的） movement originating（发源） in France, which attracted widespread（普遍的） support among the ruling and intellectual class of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes（以……为特点） the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice（偏见）, unexamined authority（权威） and oppression（压抑） by Church or State. Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason.

Roman legions 罗马军团

Pax Romana 罗马盛世

Cicero 西塞罗

Julius Caesar 尤利乌斯·恺撒

Virgil 维吉尔（诗人）

Aeneid 埃涅阿斯纪（楼上写的史诗）

Pantheon 万神殿

Colosseum 哥罗塞姆竞技场

Citizen-assembly 公民大会

Renaissance

Generally speaking，Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century.
The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴)，specifically in this period of history，revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.
Renaissance，in essence，was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie，to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.

National Epics(民族史诗运动)

The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is， the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.

The Manor（庄园）

The centre of medieval（中世纪的） life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords（农场主）. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses（要塞）. They came to be called castles.

vassals（诸侯）

In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs were call vassals.

Feudalism

Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”，a grant (许可的) of land.

the Middle ages

In European history，the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. It came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific（明确的）， from the 5th century to 15th century.

The Prophets（先知）

For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “Prophets” or the spokesmen（发言人） of God. Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.

Genesis（创世记）

Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch（摩西五经），it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people，including the origin of the world and of man，the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.

The New Testament

The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the life and doctrine（教条） of Jesus Christ. It is the four accounts（报告） written by the four disciples（门徒）. The four accounts are Matthew（马太）, Mark（马可）, Luke（路加）, and John（约翰）. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.