Why did Allah create non-believers, if he did so?

答主:Mohd Ilyas, Regional Sales Manager at United Biotech (Indian company)

I always asked this question to my father. He didn't know. I asked other Muslims, they too didn't know. I desperately wanted to know the answer. No one knows the answer. Then, my exploration revealed God has created man. Man has created and propogated religions.
我总是问我父亲这个问题。他不知道。我问了其他穆斯林,他们也不知道。我非常想知道这个问题的答案,但是没有人知道。于是,我的研究显示,神创造了人,人创造并宣传了宗教。

God has neither created believers or non believers.
神没有创造信徒,也没有创造非信徒。

Allah is the Arabic word of God. But in Islam its God's name.
安拉在阿拉伯语里的意思是神。但是在伊斯兰教中它是神的名字。

People divided, named and wrote stories about God/God's. God has nothing to do with these stupid religions.
人们划分、命名并书写了关于神或者众神的故事。神和这些愚蠢的宗教没有关系。

Further more, we do not know how many Gods exists, one or more. This is left to our imagination.
此外,我们也不知道有多少神存在,是一个还是更多。这些都要交给我们去想象。

No one has ever understood this concept clearly. It's just our perception.
从来没有人能清晰地理解这一概念。它只是我们的感觉罢了。

Edit 1: ‘Many Thanks’ to all the viewers who have upvoted my answer and appreciated me so much. This is the first time ever I have recieved 100+ upvotes.
编辑1:“非常感谢”所有给我的回答点赞并支持我观点的观众。这是我第一次得到100多个赞。

单词表

desperately adj. 绝望地;拼命地;非常
reveal v. 揭示,显示
propogate v. 散播
further more 此外
leave to 交给
perception n. 看法,认识,感觉

译自:https://qr.ae/pyjXsh

时间:2020年10月10日

Does Karl Marx have any confirmed descendants? And if not, when did his line die out?

答主:Jean-Marie Valheur

Karl Marx had a number of children with his wife, as well as uncomfirmed out-of-wedlock descendants. Of his legitimate children, only one daughter had surviving children and grandchildren — these all carry the last name Longuet, however, as they took their father’s surname. Some of the daughters and granddaughters married men with different last names, so their descendants once again have different last names. At the last count, in June 2018, there were 45 living direct descendants of Karl Marx in total, spread across the world.

卡尔·马克思和他的妻子生了几个孩子,也有未证实的非婚生后裔。在他合法的子女中,只有一个女儿有活下来的子女和孙子女——不过他们都姓龙格,因为他们继承了父亲的姓氏。一部分女儿和孙女和有不同姓氏的男人们结婚,所以他们的后代再次拥有了不同的姓氏。根据2018年6月的最新统计,现在总共有45位卡尔·马克思的直系后裔在世,他们分布在世界的各地。

单词表

descendant n. 后裔
line n. 家族
die out 灭绝
out-of-wedlock 非婚生的
legitimate adj. 合法的

译自:https://qr.ae/pyEa8B

时间:2020年10月10日

转自:https://blog.csdn.net/m0_54706625/article/details/131902647

一般的解决方法
此电脑单机右键选管理:
1.计算机管理-> 系统工具 ->事件查看器 -> 自定义视图 -> 管理事件
2.在日期与事件进行排序找到最新的事件
3.合理的关掉这个程序 (直接结束进程 / 保存相关文档后关闭 Word 等程序)
另外也可以在资源监视器的磁盘 -> 磁盘活动的进程
但进程 ID 为 4 的应用程序 System就要用以下方法解决:
使用以管理员身份运行 Powershell

1 diskpart
2 list disk 找到移动硬盘的编号 X,一般是最后一个
3 select disk X
4 offline disk //disk X脱机
5 online disk //offline并拔出以后,下次在插入移动硬盘时,还会处于offline状态。因此需要online

请再次操作弹出机械硬盘,应该就可以正常弹出。

转自:https://www.ghxi.com/clover.html

Clover 是 Windows Explorer 资源管理器的一个扩展,为其增加类似谷歌 Chrome 浏览器的多标签页功能。

软件特色
方便的 Tab 页功能

要掌握功能强大,操作简单的标签页,只需记住Ctrl+T新开页面,Ctrl+W关闭页面,Ctrl+Tab切换页面,工作效率提高何止一倍!

操作系统无缝集成

Clover 通过插件的形式集成到 Windows Explorer,保留您通常的使用习惯,无需学习新的文件管理操作,马上就可以使用啦。

快如闪电的书签栏

按Ctrl+D添加当前路径,或者直接将文件夹拖入书签栏。再也不用到处寻找要访问的文件夹了,瞬间到达,何等痛快!

修改说明
@423down

去自带书签推广网址数据(百度/淘宝/京东)
去不定时新闻推送弹窗,硬核修改禁止联网推送;
去会员登陆功能,已改程序禁止并删除相关程序;
删除过安全软件洗白的相关程序及模块;

@果核剥壳

去除新闻广告,书签广告

移除后台组件,辅助程序等

精简多语言

去除登录

Clover(资源管理器多标签)v3.5.6 去广告精简版

更新日志
· 新增:分离标签开关,不分离需设置
· 解决:部分Win10无法关闭等问题
· 修复:修复其他已知问题

下载地址
已高速https://ghboke.ctfile.com/dir/7369060-34766637-792f7c/

已高速https://www.123pan.com/s/HQeA-Nl1Sh

https://pan.quark.cn/s/35d70ce87815

What are some of the biggest similarities between Marxism and Marxism-Leninism?

答主:Shayn M., I have a PhD in political theory.

Marxism-Leninism is based on Marx' theories as interpreted by Lenin. Lenin Revised aspects of historical materialism in order to justify his contention that socialist should not wait for the bourgeoisie to establish a mature capitalist economy before attempting a proletarian revolution and the establishment of a socialist state.
马克思列宁主义建立在列宁解释过的马克思的理论基础之上。列宁修正了历史唯物主义的一些方面,来为他的论点作辩护,他认为社会主义者不应该在去尝试无产阶级革命并建立社会主义国家之前只是等待资产阶级建立一套成熟的资本主义经济。

Because Marx authored a series of analyses of capitalism and a theory of history and possible transition to a future society called “communism” rather than any kind of political strategy outlining how to build communism.or what communism ought to be like, Lenin had to innovate in this area.
因为马克思写了一系列对资本主义的分析和一套关于历史和向“共产主义”这一未来社会形态转变的可能性,但却没涉及任何一种勾勒出怎样建设共产主义的图景的政治战略,也没有提出共产主义应该是怎样的。列宁必须在这一领域进行创兴。

Marxism is a theory of society and history, not a coherent program for how to build communism. Lenin's answers to the question of how to build socialism in a society that, by Marx' logic was not actually ready for it, led to the emergence of Marxist-Leninism as a distinct theory of revolution and social transformation in “backward” societies.
马克思主义是关于社会和历史的理论,不是条理清晰的关于怎么建设共产主义的程序。如何在一个以马克思的逻辑来说,还没有准备好迎接社会主义的社会中建立起社会主义?列宁对这一问题的回答导致了马列主义的作为一种指导革命和落后社会的社会变革的清晰理论而出现。

Marxist-Leninism defies Marxist expectations that socialist societies can only emerge from.out of advanced capitalism. The failure of communism in backward countries could be read, if one so desired, as evidence that Marx was right and Lenin was incorrect in his revision, or, of course, it could also very probably mean that Marx' historical.materialism is itself an incorrect theory.
马列主义违背了马克思主义的预期,后者认为社会主义社会只能在发达的资本主义社会中出现。如果有谁希望的话,共产主义在落后国家中的失败可以被理解为马克思是正确的,而列宁的修正是错误的的证据。当然,这也很有可能意味着马克思的历史唯物主义本身就是错误的理论。

单词表

similarity n. 相似性
interpret v. 解释
revise v. 修正
aspect n. 方面
justify v. 为……辩解
contention n. 论点
mature adj. 成熟的
outline v. 勾勒……的外形
innovate v. 创新
coherent adj. 有条理的
emergence n. 出现
distinct adj. 清楚的
backward adj. 落后的
defy v. 违抗,挑战
desire v. 渴望
revision n. 修改

译自:https://qr.ae/pysl8L

时间:2018年3月21日

Jeff York

Unbelievable. I’ve somehow made it to age 59 without reading Marx’s ten points before, although I knew it in general. Point #10 is admirable, of course. The rest is straight out of a George Orwell novel. Said in all seriousness, I give thanks to Almighty God for Adam Smith and other Enlightenment thinkers, America’s Founding Fathers, and Western Civilization in general. How the Bernie Sanders and Hugo Chavez types of this world can believe the nonsense they spew is beyond me.
难以置信。我不知为何竟活到59岁还从未看过马克思的这十条,尽管我总体上了解它。当然,第十条值得称赞。剩下的直接来自乔治·奥威尔的小说。严肃地说,我要感谢全能的主,为了亚当·斯密和其他启蒙思想家们,美国的建国之父们,以及总体上的西方文明。我实在无法想象世界上怎么会有像伯尼·桑德斯和乌戈·查韦斯这种人,他们怎么会相信自己吐出来的荒谬想法。

Oruzi Barkadie

Adam Smith, the so called enlightenment thinker, believed that an invisible hand of the market, a random, unintelligent agent, would make efficient distribution of resources. But looking at how there are greedy capitalist pigs like Bezos and Musk and at the same time prostitutes, starving and homeless people in the same country called the U.S implies the invisible hand is not efficient at organising society, only capital. And the fact that a command economy was what changed Russia from a broken agrarian, illiterate country into a superpower, or China, who had 30 years average life expectancy to be doubled in less than 30 years, implies socialism is the best solution for organising society in a democratic, equitable and sustainable way.
亚当·斯密,就是所谓启蒙思想家,认为市场有一只看不见的手,一种胡乱、愚蠢的原动力,会有效率的分配资源。但请看看贪婪的资本猪像贝佐斯和马斯克,与此同时还有很多妓女、饥饿而无家可归的人同样生活在美国,这表明看不见的手所谓的效率只是针对资本的,而不是针对社会有机体的。而是事实是,正是指令型经济让俄罗斯从一片破碎的土地和文盲的国家变成一个超级强权,让中国花了不到30年的时间就让人均寿命从30岁翻了一倍,他们证明了对于一个想要走一条民主、公平和可持续发展的道路的社会有机体来说,社会主义才是最好的解决方案。

单词表

make it to 到达
somehow adv. 不知为什么
straight out of 来自,取自
said in all seriousness 严肃地说
Almighty God 万能的上帝
nonsense 荒谬的想法
spew v. 呕吐
beyond me 超出我的理解能力
the so called 所谓的
random adj. 胡乱的
unintelligent adj. 愚蠢的
agent n. 原动力
distribution v. 分配
prostitute n. 妓女
imply v. 表明
organise v. 有机化
agrarian adj. 土地的
illiterate adj. 文盲的
equitable adj. 公正的
sustainable adj. 可持续的

转自:https://www.ghxi.com/pr2023green.html

Adobe Premiere Pro 2023是一款由Adobe公司推出的常用视频编辑软件,它可以提升您的创作能力和创作自由度,它是易学、高效、精确的视频剪辑软件。新版本功能更强大,让你的视频编辑工作更顺心!

Adobe Premiere Pro 2023视频编辑始终处于领先地位。Premiere Pro 是领先的电影、电视和网络视频编辑软件。创意工具、与其他 Adobe 应用程序和服务的集成以及 Adobe Sensei 的强大功能可帮助您在一个无缝的工作流程中将素材制作成精美的影片和视频。我们的新应用 Premiere Rush 包含在您的订阅中,因此您可以随时随地在所有设备上捕捉素材并开始编辑。

修改说明
@423down

– 免激活,免安装,适度精简,移除简体中文以外的所有多国语言和非必要文件
– 无额外不必要的Adob创意云组件(升级, 库, 云同步)退出无相关程序驻留进程
├—Desktop Common, Creative Cloud Experience, Creative Cloud CoreSync
├—CCXProcess, CCLibrary, CoreSync,CAI,AAM, IPCBox, HDBox, LCC, ICC
– 删除扩展Adobe Stock, Creative Cloud Libraries(会调用创意云程序的库面板)
– 删除组件学习入门内容, Adobe Stock,Creative Cloud Libraries等扩展
– 删除了CEPHtmlEngine、云存储插件、启动欢迎屏幕首页(UXP插件)
– 删除多国语言资源, 错误反馈, 日志传输(会驻留进程偷偷上传)
– 删除组件 PDFL(PDF字体),PDFL(PDF预设文件)

# 便携版关闭提示”Adobe Premiere END OF WORK“是什么意思?
这是便携启动器的确定提示,防止用户关闭软件后,启动器还没清理完数据导致残留
提示确定后,过程会不破坏系统数据,自动清理临时数据并复制到data数据目录加载

软件截图
Adobe Premiere Pro 2023 (23.4.0) 便携版

下载地址
已高速(如有密码:3519)http://ct.ghpym.com/d/7369060-53329707-e96cb6

已高速https://www.123pan.com/s/HQeA-DB4Sh

https://pan.quark.cn/s/20588762cb8a

https://pan.baidu.com/s/1i8TDvdAGruAtHR … A?pwd=ghxi
提取码:ghxi

Randall Burns

Marx’s contemporary and rival Henry George observed in Progress and Poverty that if any form of state socialism with a centrally planned economy were tried that something like Stalanism was the likely result. Marx and George did not like each other very much, but Marx certainly had read that work on George’s part. George wanted to restrict the economic role of government to taxation of land, clear negative externalities, monopolies and concentration of wealth with monopoly impact(a lot of folks claim he only wanted concentration of land). George advocated state owned enterprises only as a last resort for things like central banks or municipal ownership of utilities.
与马克思同一时期的,他的竞争对手亨利·乔治在《进步与贫困》中说过,如果任何形式的有中央计划经济的国家社会主义得到尝试,那么就很可能得到某种类似斯大林主义的东西。马克思和乔治非常不喜欢对方,但马克思肯定读过乔治的作品。乔治希望限制把政府在经济活动中的地位限制在土地税收、清除有害的外部效应、垄断和垄断影响下的财富集中(有很多人声称他只是想要把土地集中)。乔治提倡把国有企业仅仅当做像中央银行或者市属公共事业那样的最后手段。

单词表

contemporary n. 同代人
observe v. 说话,评论
on one's part 就……而言
taxation n. 税收
externality n. 【经济学】外部效应
monopoly n. 垄断
impact n. 巨大影响,强大作用
folks n. 人民
advocate v. 提倡
resort n. 应急手段
municipal adj. 市政的
utility n. 公共事业

How did Marxism-Leninism shape the USSR?

答主:Dima Vorobiev, Former Soviet propaganda executive

The USSR put into practice the ten-point to-do list from the Communist Manifesto (see below). True to the idea of Karl Marx, the Soviet Communists led by Lenin and Trotsky:
苏联把共产党宣言中提到的十点待办事项列表(见后文)付诸实践。忠实于卡尔·马克思的思想,列宁和托洛茨基领导的苏维埃共产主义者们:

·organized themselves into a vanguard party that took the state power
·把他们自己组织成了一个先锋队政党,然后夺取了国家权力
·installed the dictatorship of the proletariat and poor peasants
·建立了无产阶级的贫农的专政
·abolished the private ownership on the means of production
·废除了生产资料的私有制

It resulted in collectivization of agriculture, crash industrialization, universal education and health care, and the creation of a world-class military-industrial complex.
·它的结果是农业集体化、快速工业化、普及的教育和健康保障,以及建立了世界级的军工复合体。

As a fully implemented Statist Socialism, the Marxism-Leninism took the form of Stalinism. Stalinism inspired Communists in China, North Korea and several other countries, where it was successfully replicated. Despite deep inbuilt economic inefficiencies, even after the bankruptcy of the Soviet state and abolition of the Communist project in China, Vietnam and Europe, Communism still is holding ground in Cuba and North Korea.
作为贯彻彻底的社会主义计划经济,马克思列宁主义表现为斯大林主义的形式。斯大林主义鼓舞了中国、北朝鲜和其他几个国家的共产主义者,并将这套体制复制到他们的国家。尽管它有着内在的经济低效性,即使在苏联解体,中国、越南与欧洲废除共产主义的计划之后,共产主义仍然在古巴和北朝鲜继续存在。

History has unequivocally proved that Marxism-Leninism in its Stalinist form is the only variation of Marxism that is practically achievable.
历史已经明确表明,表现为斯大林主义形式的马克思列宁主义,是马克思主义唯一实际可行的变种。

The Communist Manifesto program:
《共产党宣言》的规划:

1.Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.
1、废除土地所有权,并将所有土地的租金用于公共目的。
2.A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
2、课沉重的累进或分等级的所得税。
3.Abolition of all rights of inheritance.
3、废除一切继承权。
4.Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
4、剥夺所有移民和叛乱者的财产。
5.Centralisation of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly.
5、将存款集中并由国家控制,通过一个执行国家资本主义并拥有专门的垄断权的国家银行。
6.Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State.
6、将通讯和交通集中化并控制在国家手中。
7.Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.
7、扩建工厂,生产工具由国家持有;将荒地开垦用于农业生产,且土地增长基本上与常规的计划保持一致。
8.Equal liability of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
8、所有人都有平等的工作义务。建立产业军,特别是农业。
9.Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the populace over the country.
9、将农业和制造业结合;通过国家内部更少的人口流动,逐渐废除城乡差别
10.Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children’s factory labor. Combination of education with industrial production
10.公立学校对所有儿童实行免费教育。废除工厂运用童工。将教育和工业生产相结合。

Source: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/w … ifesto.pdf
来源:https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Manifesto.pdf

单词表

manifesto n. 宣言
true to 忠实于
abolish v. 废除
collectivization n. 集体化
crash adj. 速成的
implement v. 贯彻
statist adj. 计划经济的
take the form of 表现为……的形式
inspire v. 激励,引发
replicate v. 复制
despite prep. 尽管
inbuilt adj. 内置的
inefficiency n. 低效率
bankruptacy n. 破产
abolition n. 废止
unequivocally adv. 明确地
variation n. 变奏
achievable adj. 可完成的
program n. 规划
property n. 财产
property in land n. 土地所有权
progressive adj. 进步的;累进的
graduated adj. 分等级的
inheritance n. 继承,遗产
confiscation n. 没收
emigrant n. 移民
credit n. 存款
exclusive adj. 专有的
monopoly n. 垄断权
communication n. 通讯
instrument n. 工具,器械
waste-land n. 荒地
soil n. 土地
in accordance with 与……一致
liability n. 责任,义务
gradual adj.逐渐的
distinction n. 差别
distribution n. 分配
equable adj. 变动小的

译自:https://qr.ae/pyrB1H

时间:2018年12月6日

Why did Lenin believe Marxism did not apply to Russia?

答主:Shayn M., PhD in Politics, Monash University (Graduated 2020)

He DID believe it applied to Russia, otherwise why would he have led a Marxist party in a revolutionary overthrow of the provisional government?
他其实认为马克思主义适用于俄罗斯,否则他为什么会领导了一个马克思主义政党在一场革命中推翻了临时政府?

He recognised that Russia was not yet ready, according to standard Marxist criteria, for a normal proletarians revolution and therefore modified and innovated new theoretical approaches to apply a Marxist strategy for the eventual communist transformation of Russia (history bears witness to how well that worked out).
他意识到,从标准的马克思主义尺度看,俄罗斯还没有准备好迎接一场常规的无产阶级革命,因此,他修改并革新了理论方法,运用了一种马克思主义的策略使得俄罗斯最终得以转变为共产主义国家(历史证明了这种解决方案有多成功)。

It was the other Marxist party of the time, the Mensheviks, who insisted that Russia was too undeveloped for a socialist revolution and that the workers and left wing parties should instead work with the bourgeoisie to create a kind of social democratic revolution before a true transition to socialism would be possible.
当时还有另一支马克思主义政党——孟什维克——他们坚持俄罗斯对于一场社会主义革命而言还过于落后,所以工人和左翼政党应该和资产阶级合作,在真正转变为社会主义成为可能之前,先进行一种社会民主主义的革命。

Lenin rejected this view and insisted that the implications of Marx’ theory of history could be circumvented if a disciplined communist party accelerated Russia through a brief period of managed “state capitalism” directly into communism.
列宁拒绝了这种观点,并坚持认为马克思关于历史的理论,其内涵可以是可以被回避的,只要有一个训练有素的共产党通过对俄罗斯进行一场短暂而受控制的“国家资本主义”加速,就能直接进入共产主义。

Lenin absolutely believed Marx’theory applied to Russia, he was just convinced that a well-disciplined party could get around it.
列宁绝对相信马克思主义的理论适用于俄罗斯,他只是相信一个纪律严明的政党有办法应付它。

单词表

overthrow v. 推翻
provisonal adj. 临时的
criteria n. 尺度
modify v. 修改
innovate v. 创新
approach n. 方法
bear witness to 证明
work out 解决
bourgeoisie n. 资产阶级
implication n. 含意
circumvent v. 回避
brief adj. 短暂的
convince v. 使信服
get arround 有办法应付

译自:https://qr.ae/pyhBLg

时间:2021年10月1日

Ian Rae

Marx said that vanguard parties couldn't bing about Socialism/Communism he's been proved right Russia, China, Cuba are all State Capitalist and have nothing to do with C/S regards ian.
马克思说过,先锋队的党并不能带来社会主义或共产主义。他的话被证明是对的。俄罗斯、中国、古巴都是国家资本主义,和社会主义或共产主义没有关系。伊恩敬上。

Harshvardhan Singh

Yes you are right but you will always hear above countries mentioned as communist states but they fail to realize that a communist state is an oxymoron. Because in communism there is no class hence no state. Throughout cold war both the propoganda machines of NATO and USSR disagreed on everything except on the fact that USSR is a perfect socialist state. So when opposing parties agree on one thing it automatically becomes true.
你是对的,但你总是会听见上述国家被称为共产国家,但他们没有意识到共产国家本身是一个自相矛盾的修辞。因为在共产主义社会中没有阶级,因此没有国家。贯穿冷战始终,北约和苏联的宣传机器在所有事情上都针锋相对,而他们都号称苏联是一个完美的社会主义国家。所以当对立双方都赞成一件事情时,它就自动成真了。

Ian Rae

So Lenin didn't act on Marxs ideas he acted on his own and distorted Marx to achieve his own ends, which if he had acted on Marxs ideas Russia needn't have suffered so much but that is all in the past pity we still discuss Lenin, regards ian.
所以列宁并没有按马克思的观点做事。他是按自己的观点做的,还朝着他自己的终点歪曲了马克思。如果他真的按马克思的思想做了,俄罗斯就不需要遭受这么多痛苦。但这都是过去的遗憾,我们还会讨论列宁。伊恩敬上。

单词表

bing about 引起,造成
have nothing to do with 与……无关
oxymoron n. 矛盾修饰法
act on 按照……行事
distort v. 歪曲
achieve v. 实现

How different is Marxism from Leninism?

答主:Harshvardhan Singh, ENGINEER

Lenin was man of action and he was the first one to act on Marx's idea.He considered Marx nothing less than God and adhered to ideas of Mature Marx.He wanted to prove Marx's idea of socialism as scientific and inevitable. But being man of action he was pragmatic and knew that Communism was still an utopian idea and for it to happen there is need for some modifications.
列宁是一个行动派,而且他是第一个按马克思的想法做事的人。在他眼里,马克思就像是上帝,而他遵照的是马克思成熟期的思想。他希望证明马克思的社会主义思想是科学且必然发生的。但是作为行动派,他很务实,并且知道共产主义依然是一种乌托邦思想,需要作一些修正才能使它成为现实。

Marx said that revolution for communism will occur when workers or proletariate will develop a revolutionary consciousness.But Lenin believed that working class are not capable of developing such consciousness on their own and it can take a lot of time. He saw it as one of the reason why revolution never happened and he tried to address it in his own way.Lenin said that span of history can be shortened by instilling revolutionary consciousness in workers rather than waiting for it.He said a party of intellectuals will instill such consciousness among workers and it gave birth to creation of COMMUNIST PARTY. This party was supposed to become vanguard of revolution.Marx predicted dictatorship of class (proletariate) but Lenin experiment resulted in dictatorship of a party (COMMUNIST PARTY).
马克思说过,共产主义革命会在无产阶级工人发展出革命意识的时候发生。但列宁认为工人阶级尚未有能力自觉发展出这样的意识,它可能会很费时。他将其视为革命从未发生的原因之一,并尝试用自己的方式设法将其解决。列宁说,这一历史的跨度可以通过不断给工人灌输革命意识而不是静静等待其发生来缩减。他说,可以通过一个知识分子的政党来给工人灌输这些意识,这就催生出了共产党。这个政党被期望成为革命的先锋队。马克思预言了阶级(无产阶级)的专政,但列宁的实验导致的是一个政党(共产党)的专政。

Marx predicted that revolution will occur when capitalism will attain its peak and when country will be fully industrialized.Lenin saw this as an obstacle to bring Communism in Russia. Marx also never talked about peasant his only point of concern was industrial workers. Czarist Russia was still in primary stage of capitalism and Lenin realized that industrial workers formed minority group in mass.He had to include peasantry and increase the domain of revolutionary class to make revolution a reality in Russia.Mao went further and he based his entire movement for communism on peasants alone as China at that time was not even at primary stage of capitalism or industrialization but country dependent on peasants and peasentry.
马克思预言说革命会在资本主义高度发达的完全工业国发生。列宁将其视为把共产主义带入俄罗斯的障碍。马克思也从未谈论过农民,他唯一的关注点就是产业工人。沙俄尚处于资本主义的初级阶段,列宁意识到产业工人在群众中是少数。他不得不将农民包括在内,并且增大了革命阶级的领域,以使革命能在俄罗斯成为现实。毛走得更远,他整个共产主义运动的基础单单建立在农民上,因为当时的中国甚至连资本主义和工业化初级阶段都不是,整个国家都建立在农民阶级之上。

单词表

man of action 行动派
act on 按照……行事
adhere v. 遵守
inevitable adj. 必然发生的
pragmatic adj. 务实的
modification n. 修改
consciousness n. 意识
capable adj. 有能力的
address v. 设法解决
span n. 跨度
instill v. 持续灌输
intellectual n. 知识分子
vanguard n. 先锋
experiment n. 实验
attain v. 实现
peak n. 巅峰
obstacle n. 障碍
form v. 是……的组成部分
minority adj. 少数的
mass n. 群众
domain n. 领域
peasentry n. 农民阶级

译自:https://qr.ae/pyt6a9

时间:2015年8月27日

38

(5 篇回复,发表在 茅台炼金房)

厉害啊,又一个大坑

What's the difference between Leninism and Marxism-Leninism?

答主:Misha Firer, Writer

Marxism to Leninism is what Quran is to ISIS.
马克思主义之于列宁主义,就像古兰经之于ISIS。

A religious document (Das Kapital, The Communist Manifesto) used as a pretext to torture, kill fellow human beings and unleash a reign of terror to satisfy base instincts of the small clique and to keep populace in check.
一份宗教文本(《资本论》,《共产党宣言》)被用作借口来折磨、杀死同胞,实行恐怖统治以满足小集团的低劣本能,并将人民置于压制之下。

Vladimir Lenin, the founder of Russian ‘modern’ state, was a blood-thirsty fanatic and tyrant. (All the quotes are Lenin’s)
弗拉基米尔·列宁,“现代”俄罗斯国家的建立者,是一个嗜血的狂热分子和暴君。(所有引文都来自列宁)

Great plan! Finish it with Dzerzhinsky. Under the guise of "greens" (we will blame them later), we will go 10-20 miles and hang kulaks, priests, landlords. Prize: 100.000 rubles for the hanged man...
“很好的计划!和捷尔任斯基一起去完成它。在“绿军”的伪装下(迟些时候就归咎于他们),我们将前进10-20英里,吊死富农、牧师和地主。奖品是:每个吊死的人10万卢布。”

Lenin was the original leader of the terrorist organisation Bolsheviks that came to terrorise the people of different nationalities in the largest country in the world.
列宁是恐怖组织布尔什维克最初的领导人,他的到来就是为了恐吓这个世界上最大的国家里不同民族的人民。

Bolsheviks appearance out of obscurity and a quick rise to power were a genetic imprint of the Golden Horde rapid subjugation of Russia.
布尔什维克从默默无闻中突然出现并迅速抵达权力巅峰,其中有着金帐汗国迅速征服俄罗斯的基因印记。

... Can you still tell Teru to prepare everything for burning Baku completely, in case of an invasion, and to announce it in print in Baku.
“……请你依旧告诉泰鲁,做好完全烧毁巴库的一切准备,以防遭到入侵,并且在巴库的出版物上宣布这一点。”

After getting rid of the provisional government, Lenin proceeded to exterminate whole classes of the society like Mao, Pol Pot, and other terrorist proto-communist organisations will do after him.
在摆脱了临时政府的威胁后,列宁继续推进对全部社会阶级的消灭,就像毛、波尔布特和其他原教旨主义共产恐怖分子组织之后做的那样。

Fortunately, Civil War, irresistible urge to write down every thought no matter how trite that came to his mind and grave venereal disease , put caps on how many people Lenin could condemn to death.
幸运的是,内战、不管多平庸也要把自己的每个想法都写下来的无法抗拒的强烈欲望和严重的性病,限制了而列宁能宣判死刑的人数上限。

Saratov, (to the Commissioner of the People's Commissariat for Food) ... I advise you to appoint your superiors and shoot the conspirators and those who hesitate, without asking anyone and without allowing idiotic red tape.
“萨拉托夫,(对粮食人民委员说)……我建议你任命你的升级,并射杀掉密谋者和那些犹豫不决的人,不要征求任何人的意见, 也不要搞愚蠢的繁文缛节。”

However, Stalin who came after him continued the labours of Russian ISIS, and corpses now counted in millions. Essentially, the seeds of the collapse of the Soviet and in the future Russian state should be directly attributed to Stalin and Lenin.
然而,他的继任者斯大林继续了俄罗斯ISIS的任务和今天算起来数以百万计的尸体。本质上,苏维埃崩溃的种子和未来的俄罗斯国家都可以直接归因于斯大林和列宁。

Only after Stalin’s death and Khrushchev’s denunciation of bloody Stalin’s rule, could Russia turn a page on state terrorism.
只有当斯大林死后,赫鲁晓夫公开谴责了斯大林的血腥统治后,俄罗斯才能够从国家恐怖主义这一页上翻篇。

Sviyazhsk, Trotsky. Surprised and dismayed by the slowdown in the operation against Kazan, especially if what I have been told is true that you have a full opportunity to destroy the enemy with artillery. In my opinion, it is impossible to spare the city and postpone it longer, because merciless extermination is necessary.
“斯维亚日斯克,托洛茨基。我为针对喀山的行动被延缓而感到惊讶和诧异,尤其是如果我所听到的事情是真的,你们本有充分的机会用火炮摧毁敌人。依我之见,饶恕这座城市并进一步拖延是不可能的,因为毫无慈悲的消灭是必要的。”

It is important to understand that Nikita Khrushchev as a governor of Ukrainian republic took active part in Stalin’s purges and thousands of arrests, and then as a general secretary organized de-Stalinisation of the Soviet Union.
必须了解的是:尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫曾经作为乌克兰共和国的统治者,积极参与到斯大林的大清洗和数以千计的逮捕行动中,然后才作为总书记在苏联组织了去斯大林化运动。

By the same token, the new national leader of Russian Federation might come from Putin’s inner circle and denounce his old master and his practices, in which he’s actively participating right this moment.
基于同样的原因,俄罗斯联邦的新领导人也可能来自普京的核心圈内,并谴责他的旧主及其行为——而这个人现在正积极参与这些行为中。

As for foreigners, I advise you not to hurry with expulsion. Wouldn't a concentration camp be better?
“至于外国人,我建议你们不要急着驱逐。集中营不是更好吗?”

Putinism is a natural extension of Marxism-Leninism for Putin is a product of the same system of terror via KGB.
普京主义是马克思列宁主义的自然延伸,因为普京就是克格勃制造的同款恐怖体制。

The main principles of his reign of terror main were to benefit elites at the expense of the populace who are kept in control through terror, random arrests, and propaganda.
他恐怖的君主统治的主要原则,就是以平民百姓为代价图利精英,而用恐怖、随机逮捕和政治宣传来控制人民。

The court must not eliminate terror; to promise this would be self-deception or deceit, but to substantiate and legitimize it on principle, clearly, without falsehood and without embellishment.
法院不允许清除恐怖——如果承诺这个,那就是自欺欺人或诈骗——相反,它是要证明并在原则上使其合法化,这毫无疑问,我没有说谎,也没有添油加醋。

According to liberal TV channel Rain, 49% responders stated that Lenin’s activities evoke positive feelings in them, and only 29% negative sympathies. 51% of responders sympathise with Stalin, and 28% feel negative about his activities.
根据自由派媒体TV Rain,49%的受访者认为列宁的活动给他们带来的是正面感觉,而只有29%的负面观感。51%的受访者同情斯大林,而28%的人对他的活动感到反感。

Nicholas “Bloody” the Second, ideological enemy of Lenin and Stalin, is more popular that both of them, at 54% feeling positive about his contribution to Russia, and 23% feeling negative.
“血腥的”尼古拉二世,列宁和斯大林的意识形态敌人,比二者都更受欢迎,有54%的人积极评价他对俄罗斯的贡献,而23%的人持消极态度。

Russians identify themselves with the state and its supreme leader , and sync in their opinions with that of the state, wether it’s run by an ethnic German monarch, a Georgian maniac, or a Russian thug masquerading as president.
俄罗斯人通过国家和它们的最高领袖来塑造自我认同,并且把国家的观点当作自己的观点,不管它背后的运营者是从德国来的君主、格鲁吉亚疯子还是伪装成总统的俄罗斯恶棍。

单词表

pretext n. 借口
torture v. 折磨
fellow n. 同伴
unleash v. 解除对……的限制
reign n. 统治时期
base adj. 卑劣的
instinct n. 本能
clique n. 小集团
populace n. 平民百姓
in check 在抑制下
fanatic n. 狂热分子
guise n. 伪装
kulak n. (沙俄时代的)富农
priest n. 牧师
terrorize v. 恐吓
nationality n. 民族
obscurity n. 默默无闻
genetic adj. 基因的
imprint n. 印记
subjugation n. 征服
in case of 万一发生
provisional adj. 临时的
proceed v. 继续做
exterminate v. 消灭
proto- comb. 原始的
irresistible adj. 无法抗拒的
urge n. 强烈的欲望
trite adj. 平庸的
grave adj. 严重的
venereal adj. 性病的
condemn v. 宣判
put caps on 设定上限
commissioner n. 政府部门的首长
commissariat n. 人民委员部
appoint v. 任命
conspirator n. 阴谋者
hesitate v. 犹豫
idiotic adj. 愚蠢的
red tape n. 繁文缛节
labour n. 任务
attribute v. 把……归因于
denunciation v. 公开谴责
dismay v. 使诧异
artillery n. 火炮
spare v. 饶恕
postpone v. 延期
extermination n. 消灭
purge v. 清洗
token n. 信物,标志
by the same token 基于同样的原因
denounce v. 谴责
practice n. 通常的做法
inner circle 核心集团
expulsion n. 驱逐
concentration camp 集中营
eliminate v. 清除
self-deception n. 自我欺骗
deceit n. 欺诈
substantiate v. 证明
legitimize v. 使合法
clearly adv. 毫无疑问
falsehood n. 谎言
embellishment v. 润色
state v. 陈述
evoke v. 引起
sympathy n. 同情,共鸣
ethnic adj. 异国风情的
thug n. 恶棍
maniac n. 疯子
masquerade v. 乔装

译自:https://qr.ae/pyh8sm

时间:2022年8月2日

What's the difference between Leninism and Marxism-Leninism?

答主:Dima Vorobiev, Former Soviet propaganda executive

Leninism is an application of Marxism for the purposes of taking and retaining state power.
列宁主义是马克思主义的一项应用,其目的是获取和保持国家政权。

The core of Leninism is the idea of vanguard party. It was introduced by Marx in the Communist Manifesto, but never given any particular treatment in his later works.
列宁主义的核心是先锋队的理论。他是由马克思在《共产党宣言》中首次引入的,但是在他后来的作品中从未给出任何详细的讨论。

Leninism found its further development in later theoretical works of Trotsky, and was implemented to a great success by Mao, Pol Pot, Kim Il Sung and others prominent figures. Stalin was a faithful and brilliant practitioner of Leninist ideas in his transformation of the USSR into a modernized core of the future global Communist empire. He made the country a springboard for the international proletarian revolution, based on a world-class military-industrial complex, all-emcompassing totalitarian ideology and pervasive police state.
列宁主义在托洛茨基后来的理论著作中得到了更长远的发展,并且在毛、波尔布特、金日成和其他知名人物的贯彻执行中大获成功。斯大林是一个忠诚而令人印象深刻的列宁主义的执行者,他藉此将苏联改造成一个未来的共产主义帝国的现代化核心。他把国家打造成国际无产阶级革命的跳板,而它的基础是世界一流的军工复合体、包罗万象的极权主义意识形态和遍布警察的国家。

The Soviet poster below visualizes the iconic Lenin’s quote that captured the essence of Leninism: “The Party is the mind, honor, and conscience of our age!”
下面的苏联海报用可视的形象直观展示了列宁符号化的名言,它抓住了列宁主义的本质:“党是我们时代的头脑、荣耀和良心!”
https://s3.bmp.ovh/imgs/2023/05/12/be09e97cbb3d1212.webp
单词表

vanguard n. 先锋
introduce v. 首次引入
particular adj. 详尽的
treatment n. 讨论
implement v. 贯彻执行
prominent adj. 著名的
brilliant adj. 辉煌的,令人印象深刻的
practitioner n. 执业者
springboard n. 出发点
world-class adj. 世界一流的
complex n. 复合体
encompass v. 包含
totalitarian adj. 集权主义的
pervasive adj. 遍布的
poster n. 海报
iconic adj. 符号化的
quote n. 引文
essence n. 本质
conscience n. 良心

译自:https://qr.ae/pyh8Ej

时间:2018年5月4日

Alex Komarov

==Leninism is a particular attempt to implement Marxist theory in a society which had not attained full capitalism and therefore, according to Marxist dialectical materialism, should not actually be ready to build socialism.==
==列宁主义是在一个资本主义还没有完全实现的社会贯彻执行马克思主义理论的一次特定尝试,根据马克思的辩证唯物主义观点,这样的社会还没有真正准备好建设社会主义。==

There was fundamental problem with traditional Marxist dialectical materialism. Well, there were many problems with it, but Leninism tried to resolve this particular one.
传统的马克思辩证唯物主义有根本性的问题。好吧,它有很多问题,但列宁主义特别尝试去解决这一点。

While you can surely talk about a society being ready vs. not ready for communism, the question remains: what a communist movement should do in the meantime when society is not ready?
当你理所当然地谈论一个社会到底有没有做好迎接共产主义的准备时,有一个问题始终存在:当一个社会还没做好准备时,一场共产主义运动应该为之做什么?

Imagine Russia in the beginning of 20th. It is not simply “not ready”, it is hellishly not ready. So what Russian communist movement is supposed to do? Embrace capitalism and go home until it is ready? Lenin said “screw that – we are taking power, and we are doing now”.
想象一下20世纪初的俄罗斯。它不仅仅是“没准备好”,简直就是地狱般地糟糕。所以俄罗斯的共产主义运动应该去做什么?皈依资本主义,然后回家,等一切完备?列宁说:“去他妈的——我们正取得政权,我们现在就做!”

What that so wrong?
这有什么问题?

Actually yes it was, but let me set aside my biases and rephrase the question:
事实上就是如此,但让我把我的偏见放到一边,重新描述一次这个问题:

What that so wrong from Marxist point of view?
从马克思主义的观点看,列宁主义有什么问题?

No. Let me refer you to the ending of the Communist Manifesto: “Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win.”
没有问题。让我给你看看共产党宣言的结尾:“让统治阶级在共产主义革命面前发抖吧。无产者在这个革命中失去的只是锁链。他们获得的将是整个世界。”

I do not know about you but I do not see how men who written that would not approve what Lenin has done.
我不知道你是什么想法,但我看不出一个写下这样句子的人怎么会不赞成列宁所做的事。

单词表

resolve v. 解决
meantime n. 其间
hellishly adv. 地狱般地
be supposed to do 应该做……
embrace v. 皈依
screw that 去他妈的
take power 取得政权
aside adv. 到旁边,在旁边
bias n. 偏见
rephrase v. 重新措辞
manifesto n. 宣言
tremble v. 颤抖
proletarian n. 无产阶级

What is Leninism and how does it differ from Marxism?

答主:Shayn M., I was a communist for a lot longer than made any sense but I finally got over it

I have just noticed that all 27 responses to this question have been downvoted! I cannot think why however, there are some good, accurate responses.
我刚才注意到这则问题的所有27条回答都被点了踩!我很难想象这是为什么,因为其中有不少很好、很准确的回答。

Anyway, given you don’t like the 27 other answers, several of which are really good answers, you probably won’t like mine either but here goes;
不管怎样,鉴于你不喜欢另外27个回答——其中有几个真的很不错,你可能也不会喜欢我的回答,但我还是要说:

Leninism is a particular attempt to implement Marxist theory in a society which had not attained full capitalism and therefore, according to Marxist dialectical materialism, should not actually be ready to build socialism.
列宁主义是在一个资本主义还没有完全实现的社会贯彻执行马克思主义理论的一次特定尝试,根据马克思的辩证唯物主义观点,这样的社会还没有真正准备好建设社会主义。

Leninism is therefore a kind of revision of Marx’ theory but it definitely saw itself as a form of Marxism.
因此,列宁主义是对马克思理论的一种修正,但它明确地把自己视为马克思主义的一种形式。

At its heart, Leninism was an attempt to develop a practical revolutionary strategy based on Marx’ fairly vague and ambiguous pronouncements on the practicalities of how a revolution would come about and a socialist society be constructed.
列宁主义的核心在于,它尝试发展出一种基于马克思相当含糊且模棱两可的宣言的实际革命策略,它针对的是,如何使革命的发生,并且怎样建设社会主义社会。

In Lenin’s own time, the solutions proposed by the Bolshevik Party (Lenin’s party) were extremely controversial and caused the Marxist movement to split into what would come to monopolise the “communist” label (Marxist-Leninists) and the Marxists opposed to Lenin’s views on questions such as party organisation, revolutionary strategy and revising the doctrine of historical materialism) retained the label “socialist” which they also shared with non-Marxist and liberal socialist movements.
在列宁执政的时期,布尔什维克党(列宁的党)提出的解决方案非常有争议,并且导致了马克思主义运动分裂成两股,其中一股垄断了“共产主义者”的标签(马克思列宁主义),另一股马克思主义者在诸如党组织、革命策略和对历史唯物主义教条的修正等方面反对列宁的观点,他们保留了“社会主义者”的标签,和一些非马克思主义的以及自由主义的社会主义运动分享同样的头衔。

So, to conclude; Leninism is an interpretation of Marxism and, in fact, the interpretation which characterised the 20th century communist movement after 1917.
所以,让我这样结尾:列宁主义是对马克思主义的一种解释,实际上,这种解释就是1917之后的整个20世纪共产主义运动的典型特征。

单词表

given prep. 考虑到
implement v. 贯彻执行
attain v. 实现
dialectical adj. 辩证法的
therefore adv. 因此
revision n. 修正
definitely adv. 明确地
fairly adv. 相当地
vague adj. 含糊的
ambiguous adj. 模棱两可的
pronouncement n. 宣言,声明
practicality n. 可行性
come about v. 发生
propose v. 提出
controversial adj. 有争议的
split v. 分裂
monopolize v. 垄断
doctrine n. 教义
retain v. 保留
conclude v. 结束
interpretation n. 解释
characterize v. 是……的特征

译自:https://qr.ae/pyGWlY

时间:2018年5月4日

Christian Saavedra

What is the meaning of “democratising the economy”? And how would you do that?
“经济民主化”是什么意思?你又要怎么实现它?

Stefan Lindenblatt

Through worker cooperatives. Every decision a company makes is voted for by every worker.
通过工人合作组织。公司的每个决定都由工人投票作出。

Terry Gray

I believe that worker cooperatives are a good idea but there seem to be few of them and I don’t understand why. Workers themselves would have to organize them and it doesn’t seem to be happening.
我相信工人合作组织是一个好主意,但似乎几乎没有这样的组织存在,我不知道为什么。工人们自己必须组织起来,但看起来这没有发生。

Christian Saavedra

But the company keeps free-trading with any other companies? That is capitalism.
但是公司继续和其他公司作自由贸易吗?那就是资本主义。

The owner of the company has no importance. If it makes free trades, it’s capitalism.
公司的所有者并不重要。只要还是自由贸易,就是资本主义。

Gustav Åhs

Or by a company board elected by the workers, just like you elect a city council, HOA board or the like.
或者通过工人选举出来的公司理事会,就像你选举市议会、业主委员会或类似的东西一样。

单词表

cooperative n. 合作性组织
board n. 理事会
HOA =Homeowner Association 业主协会

What is the "socialist agenda" and why is it bad?

答主:Shayn M., PhD in Politics, Monash University (Graduated 2020)

The “socialist agenda” is about democratising the economy and giving ordinary people the maximum amount of control over the decisions that affect their lives.
“社会主义议程“是关于经济的民主化以及最大限度地让普通人能够控制那些会影响他们生活的决定。

It isn’t bad except to people who believe that a democratic economy is bad.
它并不是坏的,除非你相信经济民主化是不好的。

Of those who do not want a democratic economy, there are two types: corporatists and libertarians. The corporatists are elitisys that want to maintain unaccountable power, whereas the libertarians believe that the economy should be left to individuals pursuing self-interest without interference.
不想要经济民主化的主要是两类人:社团主义者和自由主义者。社团主义者是想要保有不需解释的权力的精英主义者,而自由主义者相信不应该干预经济,而要把空间留给个人去追求他们的自身利益。

The latter, although I disagree with them, at least hold to a defensible position.
其中的后者,尽管我不同意他们,但至少他们持有一种可以辩护的立场。

单词表

agenda n. 议事日程
democratize v. 使民主化
corporatist n. 社团主义者
elitist n. 精英主义者
unaccountalbe adj. 难以解释的,无需负责的
whereas conj. (用于对比)然而
self-interest n. 私利
interference v. 干涉
defensible adj. 可辩护的

译自:https://qr.ae/pyGNEK

时间:2022年4月9日

45

(5 篇回复,发表在 英语角)

2023年5月

1日:什么是“社会主义的议程”?它为什么不好?
2日:什么是“社会主义的议程”?它为什么不好?(2楼)
3日:列宁主义是什么?它和马克思主义有什么不同?
4日:列宁主义是什么?它和马克思主义有什么不同?(2楼)
5日:列宁主义是什么?它和马克思主义有什么不同?(3楼)
6日:列宁主义是什么?它和马克思主义有什么不同?(4楼,33%)
7日:列宁主义是什么?它和马克思主义有什么不同?(4楼,66%)
8日:列宁主义是什么?它和马克思主义有什么不同?(4楼,100%)
9日:马克思主义和列宁主义有什么不同?
10日:马克思主义和列宁主义有什么不同?(2楼)
11日:为什么列宁认为马克思主义不适用于俄罗斯?
12日:马克思列宁主义如何塑造了苏联?(50%)
13日:马克思列宁主义如何塑造了苏联?(100%)
14日:马克思列宁主义如何塑造了苏联?(2楼)
15日:马克思列宁主义如何塑造了苏联?(3楼)
16日:马克思主义和马列主义最大的相似性有哪些?
17日:卡尔·马克思有没有被证实的后裔?如果没有,他的家族是什么时候断绝的?
18日:为什么真主创造了非信徒,如果他真的这样做了的话?
19日:为什么纳粹旗帜被禁止使用了,但是共产主义(锤子和镰刀)没有?
20日:为什么纳粹旗帜被禁止使用了,但是共产主义(锤子和镰刀)没有?(2楼)
21日:如果俄罗斯输掉了战争,他们会怎么样?
22日:为什么习近平主席看起来比在他之前的其他中国领导人看起来更有权力?
23日:乌克兰最终会勉强接受在无法重获克里米亚的前提下与俄罗斯达成和平吗?
24日:日本是怎么轻易取得大片中国土地的?
25日:俄罗斯人会不会因为美国发生了911事件而感到高兴?
26日:为什么中国人不告诉习近平他们不想要战争?西方媒体正在报道说习近平替换了不想与台湾开战的军事高层。

Why is it called Marxist humanism?

答主:Justin Schwartz, PhD, Philosophy and Political,Science, Univ. of Michigan; MPhil, History and Philosophy of Science, Cambridge; A.B. Philosophy, Princeton; Asst Prof of Phil, Ohio State, Kalamazoo College; many journal articles

In the 1950s and 60s, there was a widespread impression that social democracy, the welfare state, and Keynesian economics had solved some of the major problems of capitalism which Marx identified. In addition, the revelations about the crimes of Stalinism made Marxism look inhumane. Many Marxist thinkers in that period turned away from the austere analyses of Marx’s Capital to the earlier writings, like unpublished 1844 Philosophical and Economic Manuscripts, which were then new to the world and therefore exciting, and bring out a more “humanistic” side of Marx.
在20世纪50-60年代,有一种广为流传的印象是,社会民主主义、福利国家和凯恩斯主义经济学已经解决了马克思找出的资本主义的主要问题中的一部分。除此之外,对于斯大林主义罪行的揭露让马克思主义看起来很不人道。许多当时的马克思主义思想家厌倦了对马克思《资本论》的严肃分析,而转向对早期作品,像是未出版的1844年哲学与经济学手稿,它在当时对世界而言是个新东西,因此令人兴奋,并展现出马克思更“人文”的一面。

Of course , history since the 1970s and 1980s has shown that social democracy and the welfare state have NOT solved the major problems of capitalism, and Keynesian economics has been abandoned for neoliberalism and austerity. Moreover, anyone who had actually bothered to read Marx (very few of his critics and not enough of his supporters) would know that Stalinism and Maoism had no more to do with Marx than National “Socialism” has to do with socialism. The young Marx is no longer new and exciting, but it’s a valid issue how much of these ideas survives in his mature works. (Quite a lot, I think.)
当然,从1970-80年代的历史表明,社会民主主义和福利国家并没有解决资本主义的主要问题,而凯恩斯主义也因新自由主义和紧缩政策而被抛弃。而且,任何一个真的花功夫读过马克思作品的人(只有极少数他的批评者和远不够多的支持者读过)都会知道斯大林主义和毛主义和马克思主义就像国家“社会主义”和社会主义一样,几乎没什么关系。青年马克思这时已经不再是新鲜和令人激动的了,但一个有效的议题是,这些思想有多少体现在了他成熟期的著作中。(我认为不少。)

I think a correct understanding of Marx’s total work is that it is both humanistic and scientific.
我想,一个对马克思全部著作的正确理解是,它既是人文主义的,也是科学的。

单词表

humanism n. 人文主义
revelation n. 被揭露的内情
inhumane adj. 不人道的
turn away from 厌恶
austere adj. 严肃的
manuscript n. 手稿
austerity n. 紧缩
moreover adv. 而且
bother v. 花费精力做某事
have nothing to do with 与……没关系
mature adj. 成熟的

译自:https://qr.ae/pyNlET

时间:2023年1月18日

Christian Wray

Matthew is saying that we can produce enough to sustain everyone - mostly in reference to food, but also clothing, shelter, etc.
马修说的是我们有能力生产足够维持每一个人的产品——主要是食物,也包含衣服、住处等等。

Historically, this has not always been the case. Organisms have been competing for resources to sustain their energy since the inception of life and humans were no different. Our society is shaped around this fundamental biology focused on the accumulation of resources.
从历史上看,事情并非总是如此。生物从生命出现之初就开始争夺资源,以维持自身的能量,人类也没有什么不同。我们的社会是围绕着关注资源积累这一根本生物习性而塑造的。

It is only through relatively recent technological + societal advances (mostly technological) that the current global food production far surpasses the current global food need. This is largely why the global poverty rate is down from ~90% in 1850 to ~9% today.
直到最近发生的技术和社会进步(主要是技术),才使得全球粮食生产远超过现在的全球粮食需求。很大程度上,这就是全球贫困率从1850年代的90%降低到今天的9%的原因。

You make a good point about having the capacity to “provide for basic needs where they are needed,” and obviously that isn’t happening as people are still going hungry. But that lack of infrastructure is due to how our society has come to be structured - if it was the sole focus of every government, every business, everybody everywhere, no one would go hungry. I wouldn’t wait around for this to happen though.
你提出了一个很好的观点,就是说我们已经有能力“满足世界任何一个角落的基本需求”,而很明显的是它并没有发生,仍然有人在挨饿。但这种基础设施的缺乏要归咎于我们社会的组成结构——如果那是每个政府、每桩生意、每个地方的每个人的唯一关注点,那就没有人会挨饿了。然而我不会空等这样的事情发生。

You also mention trade-offs of wealth. I am sure you have seen commercials about how you can feed a starving child for $1/day - it’s really not much. I know that’s not a superbly accurate figure to cite, but something tells me that in this idealized scenario most people would be able to keep their televisions and BMWs.
你还提到了平均财富。我肯定你看过用1美元资助一个饥饿儿童的电视广告——这确实不多。我知道那不是一个可以引证的非常精确的数字,但却告诉我了,在这一理想的剧本里,多数人都可以拥有他们的电视和宝马汽车。

Again, this is providing basic food and shelter, not providing everyone with a BMW…but in theory, if that was our sole focus, that could probably happen too. The productive capabilities of the modern world are astounding.
再次强调,这里能提供的只是基本的粮食和住房,而不时给每个人一辆宝马汽车……但从理论上说,如果那是我们唯一的关注点的话,或许也能成功。现代世界的制造能力是令人震惊。

单词表

sustain v. 维持
shelter n. 住处
organism n. 生物,有机物
inception n. 创始,开端
biology n. 生理习性
accumulation n. 积累
relatively adv. 相当地
surpass v. 超过
societal adj. 社会的
make a good point 提出一个很好的观点
sole adj. 唯一的
wait arround 空等
trade-off 平衡,妥协
comercial n. 电视广告
superbly  adv. 雄伟地,极好地
cite v. 引证
astounding adj. 令人震惊的

Matthew L

We are currently in a false scarcity economy.
我们目前正住在人为制造的稀缺性经济中。

The world has the present capacity to provide for the basic needs of all people.
这个世界现在就有能力满足所有人的基本需求。

All that prevents this are the systems we have inherited from prior scarcity economies and their current defenders. These are the oligarchs, kleptocrats, extractive industries, and other regressive types.
阻碍我们的不过是我们从过去继承来的稀缺性经济体制和它在当下的捍卫者。他们是寡头政客、盗贼官僚、炼油产业和其他反动派。

The big question is whether we can make the transition to post scarcity before we burn the place down.
最大的问题是,我们能否在毁灭地球之前实现到后稀缺型经济的转型。

Aaron Blain

Check out 19thc US utopian author Edward Bellamy. Even in the 1800s technology was becoming so productive that many people took for granted that work would soon become largely unnecessary. Then during the Cold War Buckminster Fuller said that capitalism and communism would become irrelevant because society could produce more than enough to satisfy everyone’s needs (which is, ironically, precisely how Engels describes communism, in The Principles of Communism).
可以看看19世纪的美国乌托邦主义作家爱德华·贝拉米。早在1800年代,科技就已经变得如此高产,让许多人认为马上就可以很大程度地不需要工作是一件理所当然的事。然而在冷战中,巴克敏斯特·富勒说资本主义和共产主义将会是无关紧要的,因为社会生产力已经足以乃至超额满足所有人的需求(讽刺的是,这恰好是恩格斯在《共产主义原理》中对共产主义的描述)。

We could have been post-scarcity for a while now, but scarcity is a basis for power.
我们本该已经实现后稀缺性经济一段时间了,然而稀缺性正是权力的基础。

Robert Stevens

‘capacity’ and ‘basic’ are significant words in this. Capacity doesn’t mean that we can currently provide for the basic needs where they are needed, and you also need to define ‘basic’. What aspects of life would this require people to give up? Would that leave an infrastructure adequate to maintain the basic needs?
“能力”和“基本”在这里是非常重要的词。有能力并不意味着我们现在就能在满足所有基本需求并将它们送到需要的地方去,而且你同样需要定义什么是”基本“。它需要人们放弃生活的哪个方面?在那之后还能剩下一个足够满足基本需求的基础设施额吗?

单词表

false adj. 人造的,伪造的
scarcity n. 缺乏
capacity n. 能力
prior adj. 先前的
oligarch n. 寡头政治家
kleptocrat n. 盗贼官僚
extractive adj. 精炼的
industry n. 产业,工业
regressive adj. 倒退的
burn down 烧毁
check out 核实,检查
granted adv. 的确
take for granted 认为……理所当然
irrelevant adj. 无关紧要的
ironically adv. 讽刺地
precisely adv. 恰好
define v. 给……下定义
aspect n. 方面
adequate adj. 足够的

Which economic system will eventually prevail until the end of the 21st century? Is it more likely that capitalism will triumph, socialism or communism?

答主:Mats Andersson, Translator (1991–present)

If everything goes well, all current economic systems will be obsolete and gone the way of the feudal system; this question will be as relevant as asking about the future relation between kings and lords.
如果一切顺利,所有现存经济体系都将被淘汰,走上封建体系的走过的路;这个问题的有意义程度,就跟你问未来国王和领主之间的关系会如何一样。

We should, by 2099, be in what is known as a post-scarcity economy. That's what happens when the economy isn't based on certain items being scarce. It's anybody's guess exactly what it'll look like, and the road from here to there is likely to be bumpy in places.
到2099年,我们肯定已经处在“后稀缺时代”的经济体系中。那是当经济不再基于特定稀缺物品以后的时代。关于它到底是什么样,大家都只能猜测,而且通往它的道路很可能崎岖不平。

The best economic minds on the planet are trying to figure out how it's going to work; it's never been tried before. But it's a fair guess that it will in some ways look a little bit socialist, and that few elements of classical capitalism will survive.
这个星球上最好的经济学思想都在尝试找出它将如何运作的方式;它此前从未被尝试过。但合理猜测它将会在某些地方看起来有点像社会主义,而经典资本主义的元素将几乎不复存在。

单词表

prevail  v. 流行,获胜
triumph n. 重大胜利
obsolete v. 淘汰
relevant adj. 有意义的
scarcity n. 缺乏
bumpy adj. 颠簸的
in places 到处
minds n. 思想

译自:https://qr.ae/pyIlfx

时间:2021年10月17日

Jeremy Loo

*A CONFUSED SOCIETY*
*一个混乱的社会*

F: You look Chinese.
甲:你看起来像中国人。

*S: I am a Singaporean.*
乙:我是新加坡人。

F: But you look Chinese.
甲:但你看起来像中国人。

*S: I am a Chinese Singaporean / I am a Singaporean Chinese.*
乙:我是华裔新加坡人,或者新加坡华人。

F: So do you speak Chinese?
甲:所以你说的是中文吗?

*S: Yes, but not fluent.*
乙:对,但是不流利。

F: But you are a Chinese.
甲:但你是中国人。

*S: I am a Singaporean Chinese, not Chinese from China.*
乙:我是新加坡华人,不是中国的华人。

F: So you are not a Chinese?
甲:所以你不是中国人?

*S: I am not Chinese from China.*
乙:我不是中国的华人。

F: But your great grandfather is from China?
甲:但你的曾祖父来自中国?

*S: Yes, but I was born in Singapore, so I am a Singaporean Chinese.*
乙:对,但是我出生在新加坡,所以我是新加坡华人。

F: So your great grandfather speaks Chinese?
甲:所以你的曾祖父说的是中文?

*S: He speaks dialect.*
乙:他说的是方言。

F: Do you speak dialect?
甲:所以你会说方言?

*S: No, I don't.*
乙:不,我不会。

F: Why not?
甲:为什么?

*S: Because our country has a Speak Mandarin campaign that is so successful that the new generation practically do not speak dialect anymore.*
乙:因为我们国家进行了一场讲普通话运动,它很成功,所以新一代人几乎不再说方言了。

F: So you should speak very fluent Mandarin since it's so successful?
甲:所以你应该能说非常流利的普通话,既然它很成功?

*S: No. That campaign was effective before, but not anymore.*
乙:不。那场运动再过去很有效,但现在不是了

F: Why?
甲:为什么?

*S: Because most people speak English nowadays. We have a Speak Good English campaign.*
‘乙:因为大多数人现在都说英语。我们搞了一场说好英语的运动。

F: So English is your National Language?
甲:所以英语是你们的官方语言?

*S: No!*
乙:不!

F: So what is the National Language of Singapore?
甲:所以新加坡的官方语言是什么?

*S: Malay.*
乙:马来语。

F: What?
甲:什么?

*S: Yes, Malay!*
乙:是的,马来语!

F: Do you speak Malay?
甲:你会说马来语吗?

*S: No.*
乙:不会。

F: Why not?
甲:为什么不会?

*S: Because I am not Malay.*
乙:因为我不是马来人。

F: Then why is your National Language Malay?
甲:那为什么你们的官方语言是马来语?

*S: That's another long history lesson.*
乙:这是另一个冗长的历史课程。

F: So your National Language is Malay and nobody speak it?
甲:所以你们的官方语言是马来语,但没人会说?

*S: The Malays speak Malay. That's their mother tongue. We have 4 races: Chinese, Malay, Indian and Eurasian. Each speaks their own mother tongue.*
乙:马来人会说马来语。那是他们的母语。我们这里有四种民族:华人、马来人、与印度人和亚欧人。每个民族都说他们自己的母语。

F: So your mother tongue is Chinese?
甲:所以你的母语是中文?

*S: Yes.*
乙:是的。

F: But you can't speak it fluently?
甲:但你说得很不流利?

*S: Yes.*
乙:是的。

F: Does the Malay or Indian speak fluent mother tongue?
甲:马来人或印度人能流利地说他们的母语吗?

*S: More fluent than the Chinese speaking Chinese I supposed.*
乙:应该比华人说中文更流利,我猜。

F: Why?
甲:为什么?

*S: Because that's their mother tongue.*
乙:因为那是他们的母语。

F: Then why can't the Chinese?
甲:那华人为什么不行?

*S: Because we speak English mainly in school.*
乙:因为我们在学校主要说英语。

F: I last heard that Singapore has a bilingual policy.
甲:我上次听说新加坡实行双语政策。

*S: Yes, we have, we do learn mother tongue in school.*
乙:是的,我们有这个政策,我们确实在学校里学习母语。

F: But you cannot speak Chinese fluently.
甲:但你无法流利地说中文。

*S: Yes.*
乙:对。

F: Why?
甲:为什么?

*S: Because our country's working language is mainly English, there is not much places to use the language, perhaps only with our grandparents and when we buy things in the market.*
乙:因为我们国家的工作语言主要是英语,我们没有什么场合来说中文,或许只有和祖父母交流或在市场买东西时能用到。

F: Then how is that bilingual?
甲:那么那个所谓的双语在哪?

*S: I don't know.*
乙:我不知道。

F: So you are a Singaporean Chinese who can't speak your National Language, and cannot speak your mother tongue fluently and can only communicate in English with a strange accent.
甲:所以你是一个既不会说你们国家官方语言,也不能流利地说你的母语,只能用一种有奇怪口音的英语来和别人交流的新加坡华人?

*S: What's wrong with my accent?*
乙:我的口音有什么问题?

F: I don't know, it is just weird.
甲:我不清楚,它就是有点怪。

*S: Does it sound British or American?*
乙:它听起来像英式的还是美式的?

F: Neither, I thought you should sound British since you have been colonized before?
甲:都不像,既然你们曾经是英国殖民地,我想你们应该用的是英式发音?

*S: No, that was long long time ago, dude.*
乙:不,那是很久很久以前了,哥们。

F: How come you try to sound American?
甲:你怎么会尝试发美音呢?

*S: Because I watch alot of Hollywood movies.*
乙:因为我看了很多好莱坞电影。

F: Your English still sounds weird.
甲:但你的英语听起来还是很怪。

*S: Oh, we call it Singlish.*
乙:噢,我们说这是新式英语。

F: So what are you really?
甲:所以你究竟是什么人?

*S: I am a Singaporean!*
乙:我是新加坡人!