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Who is the most notorious mad genius of all time?

答主：Alex Mann, M.A in History & Latin (language), Ohio University (Graduated 2016)

How about instead of notorious we focus on an evil genius that should be more notorious? Nazi scientists always get all the focus but what if I told you Japan had their own version of an evil scientist and he was an absolute monster.
比起臭名昭著，我们不如来看一个邪恶得比臭名昭著更臭名昭著的天才如何？纳粹科学家总是得到所有的关注，但如果我告诉你日本也有他们自己版本的邪恶科学家，而且他无疑是一个怪兽会怎么样？

Meet Shirō Ishii - a serious piece of sh%t
认识一下石井四郎——一大坨屎。

This guy was a Doctor and microbiologist- and a rather smart one at that. He was regarded as a brilliant person for nearly his entire life. He was well educated and joined the army as a doctor. While there he caught the eyes of his superiors and was sent for further education at Kyoto Imperial University.
这家伙是一名医生和微生物学家——在某种程度上还是个聪明的微生物学家。他几乎整个人生都被视为一个杰出的人物。他受过很好的教育，然后作为医生参军。在那里他得到了上级的关注，然后被送往京都帝国大学深造。

During WW2 he was placed in charge of Unit 731 and this is what he was known for.
在二战中，他被派去主管731部队，而这就是他为人所知的原因。

What was unit 731? Well, they were a scientific unit that conducted experiments and thought up new ways to win the war. Some examples of things they did include
731部队是什么？好吧，它是一个科研单位，负责进行实验并想出赢得战争胜利的新方法。举个例子，他们所作的一些事情包括：

·Imprisoning women, raping them until they got pregnant, and then running horrid painful experiments on them just so they could see how certain poisons affected pregnant women.
·囚禁妇女，强奸她们直到怀孕，然后在她们身上做令人极为痛苦的实验，只为了观察特定毒药对孕妇的影响。

·They would infect people with syphilis and then cut them open (while alive and awake) so they could see what their bodies did as the infection progressed. Women, men, and even children were forcibly infected. This is called vivisection- its the practice of cutting someone open while alive to see what their body is doing and its typically done when experimenting on animals. In unit 731 they did it to people without anesthesia- always resulting in a slow agonizing death for the person.
·他们会用梅毒感染人类，然后把他们切开（在活着且清醒时），以便观察在感染进行时身体会发生什么。女人、男人甚至小孩都被强制感染。这种做法被称为活体解剖——是一种切开活物去观察身体行为的实践，通常只在动物实验中进行。而在731部队中，他们不进行麻醉解剖活人——这导致人们总是在极度痛苦中缓慢死去。

·Injected people with animal blood to see what happens (bad way to die)
·用动物血感染人类，观察会发生什么（糟糕的死法）

·Placed people in centrifuges and spun it until they died
·把人放进离心机里，然而高速旋转直到死亡

·Deprived prisoners of food and water to see how long it was until they died
·剥夺被关押者的食物和水，看看多少天之后会死

·Placed people in low-pressure chambers until their eyes popped out
·把人放进低压室内，直到他们的眼睛夺眶而出

·Burned people alive to see how long they would live
·把活人点燃，看他们能活多久

·Injected people with saltwater to see what would happen
·给人注射盐水，观察会发生什么

·Poisoned people to see the effects
·给人服毒，观察效果

·gave people radiation poisoning to see the effects
·对人施加辐射污染，观察效果

·Leave 3-day old babies in the cold just to see how long it took them to freeze to death
·把3天大的婴儿放在寒冷中，只为了观察多久能把他们冻死

·Tested flamethrowers on live people
·在活人身上测试火焰喷射器

Tested grenades on live people
·在活人身上测试手榴弹

·Removed organs for fun. For instance, they would remove someone's stomach and attach their esophagus to their intestines directly.
·移除器官取乐。譬如他们会移除某人的胃，然后把食道直接连在肠道上。

·Tested hundreds of diseases and biological weapons on people
·在人体上测试了数以百计的疾病和生物武器

In all, around 10,000 prisoners were killed by Unit 731 and as many as 20,000 were tested on. The biological weapons produced by this unit were used to kill as many as 500,000 civilians
总计有大约10000名被囚者被731部队杀害，多达20000人被进行实验。这支部队制造的生物武器被用来杀死了高达500000平民。

On a side note not even the Nazis used chemical weapons in WW2 (they only did in concentration camps). The ONLY nation to employ chemical weapons against civilian and military targets in WW2 was Japan.
顺带一提，即使是纳粹也没有在二战中使用化学武器（他们仅仅在集中营里使用）。在二战中仅有日本一个国家将化学武器应用于平民和军事目标上。

You may wonder what happened to Shirō. I mean we caught him and put him on trial for war crimes right?
你可能会好奇在四郎后来怎么样了？我的意思是，我们抓住了他，然后把他送上了战犯的审判台，对吗？

Nope
并不

He was given full immunity in exchange for full disclosure of his tests. American microbiologists stated that Shirō’s findings were extremely valuable and impossible to replicate unless the experiments were done again.
他被给予了完全的豁免，用来交换完全披露他的研究。美国的微生物学家表示，四郎的发现非常地有价值，并且难以复制，除非能够重现当时的环境。

Shirō lived out the remainder of his life a free man and died in 1959.
四郎作为一个自由的人度过了他的余生，后来在1959年去世。

单词表

notorious adj. 臭名昭著的
what if 假如……会怎么样
microbiologist n. 微生物学家
rather adj. 在某种程度上
brilliant adj. 杰出的
superior n. 上司
conduct v. 进行
experiment n. 实验
think up v. 想出（主意或计划）
pregnant adj. 怀孕的
horrid adj. 非常令人讨厌的
affect v. 影响
syphilis n. 梅毒
forcibly adj. 用强力，用武力
vivisection n. 活体解剖
typically adv. 通常，典型地
practice n. 实践
anesthesia n. 麻醉
agonize v. 感到极度痛苦
inject vt. 注射
bad way to 糟糕的方式
centrifuge n. 离心机
spin v. 高速旋转
deprive v. 剥夺
chamber n.（作特定用途的）房间、
pop v. 砰地爆开，砰地脱落
radiation n. 辐射
poison v. 污染（环境）
organ n. 器官
esophagus n. 食道
intestine n. 肠道
on a side note 顺带一提
employ v. 应用
trial n. 审判
nope adv. 不，没有
immunity n. 免疫，豁免
disclosure n. 透露
state v. 陈述，说明
replicate v. 复制
remainder n. 剩余部分

译自：https://qr.ae/prEWK0

时间：2021年7月17日

How did Australia guard the whole coast with such a small military during World War Two?

答主：Ben Kelley, Engineer Creator at Western Sydney University (2011–present)

It didn’t, the Australian coastline is so massive there was no way to guard the entire coast line in the conventional sense.
并没有，澳大利亚的海岸线太长了，根本不可能用常规手段防守住整个海岸线。

However, most of it didn’t need to be guarded. Much of it is remote inhospitable wilderness. Surrounded by muddy mangroves, reefs and sandbars up north. Even after landing or flying over the coast, much of it was effectively uninhabited, or so sparsely inhabited, the Japanese were surprised there was nothing to bomb. The few targets that existed in the 1940’s were regularly bombed but caused few deaths and minimal damage other than the large raids on Darwin which was really the only large civilian city to get regular attacks and had a lot of ships in its harbor because of its northern location.
然而，其中的绝大多数并不需要防守。海岸线上的很多地方都是偏僻无人的荒野，被泥泞的红树林、礁石和朝北的沙洲环绕。即使在登录或飞越海岸之后，许多地方实际上都是无人区，或者人烟稀少，日本人惊讶于他们根本没有什么东西可轰炸。在20世纪40年代存在的为数不多的目标都经常遭到轰炸，但除了对达尔文港的突袭外，几乎没引起什么死亡，伤害也是最低程度，达尔文港是唯一一个被频繁攻击的大型民用城市，因为它位于北部，所以港口里停了很多船。


Australia also concentrated on attacking the Japanese in combination with American forces, so Japanese attacks tended to get significantly smaller and less regular with the war. Most of Australia’s war effort went into smashing the Japanese, rather than trying to build a fortress of Australia, which as shown in Singapore, was a waste of time.
澳大利亚还专注于与美军联合攻击日本，因此日本人的进攻规模在战争中显著变得更小和更不频繁。比起尝试去建立一个澳大利亚堡垒，澳大利亚在战争中的努力更在于粉碎日本人本身，而前者正如在新加坡显示的那样，完全是浪费时间。

Air raids on Australia, 1942–43 - Wikipedia
对澳大利亚的空中突袭，1942-43 - 维基百科

Australia also built a large number of corvettes, building over 60 of them during the war. Bathurst-class corvette - Wikipedia, many of which took on coastal duties.
澳大利亚还建造了许多轻型护卫舰，在战争中就建造了超过60艘。巴瑟斯特级护卫舰 - 维基百科，它们中的许多都在海岸执行任务。

单词表

massive adj. 大规模的
conventional adj. 常规（非核）的
remote adj. 偏僻的
inhospitable adj. 荒凉无人的
wilderness n. 荒野
muddy adj. 泥泞的
mangrove n. 红树林
reef n. 礁石
sandbar n. 沙洲
effectively adv. 实际上
uninhabited adj. 无人居住的
sparsely adj. 稀少的
other than 除了……
raid n. 突然袭击
smashi v. 粉碎
corvette n. 轻型护卫舰

译自：https://qr.ae/prBw8v

时间：2020年7月26日

Why did the Imperial Japanese mainly target the Chinese?

答主：Tudor Avadanei, There is nothing more exiting for me than learn history

Resources.
为了资源。

In 1931, the Japanese army entered Manchuria and occupied it in the name of The Empire Of The Rising Sun. Why? Because the Japanese wanted to become a world superpower. But they needed to become an empire. Although the had Korea, it was not enough. They actually were, but the United States Of America and The United Kingdom plus other big countries in Europe, didn’t recognize them as an empire.
在1931年，日军来到满洲，并以旭日帝国的名义占领了它。为什么？因为日本人想要成为世界性的超级强权。但是他们首先需要成为一个帝国。尽管他们已经拥有朝鲜，但是这还不够。他们事实上已经是了，但美利坚合众国、联合王国以及其他欧洲大国并不承认日本是一个帝国。

Also if they wanted to be an empire, they needed labour force and natural resources, which they didn’t. If you have more than 11 years, I’m sure you studied geography. Japan isn’t rich in natural resources. And even if they were, the island was to small to keep up the factories. And it would ran out to fast.
此外，如果他们想要成为一个帝国，就需要劳动力和自然资源，但他们并没有。如果你超过11岁，那你肯定学过地理。日本的自然资源并不富裕。而且即使他们有自然资源，岛国本土也小到不足以维持工厂。它会被过早地消耗殆尽。

Now let’s look at the map:
现在让我们看看地图：

Does anybody here knows where is Manchuria? no? Ok I’ll show you just in case you don’t:
在座的有谁知道满洲在哪吗？没有？好吧，让我标出来，以防你们不知道：

The circled part is Manchuria. It is very rich in resources and Japanese factories wouldn’t run out until hundreds of years (if they keep their factories at the same level). But hey, we’re Japanese! Let’s build three times more factories to try to spam battleships and aircraft careers like USA does! Perfect idea right? Umm one more problem. We would run out of resources in 5–10 years. Well China has a lot of resources, they are in civil war, they hate each other and won’t ally against us, don’t have a propped army..etc
圈出来的部分就是满洲。它有丰富的资源，能维持日本的工业数百年（如果他们不扩大工厂规模的话）。但是，嘿，我们可是日本人！让我们把工厂的数量扩大三倍，来试着像美国人一样，以发垃圾邮件的速度建造战列舰和航母吧！完美的主义，不是吗？嗯……又有一个问题。如果这样，我们过5-10年又会耗尽资源。好，中国有许多资源，他们正处于内战中，他们彼此仇恨而且不会结成同盟来对抗我们，也不存在有后盾支持的军队……等等。

And so they did. They entered China and quickly captured most of the east and the coast. But the Chinese allied and with the help of USA they managed to defeat japan.
于是他们做了。他们进入中国然后迅速武力夺取绝大多数东部和沿海地区。但是中国人结成了同盟，并且在美国的帮助下成功击败了日本。

but this is a story for another time.
然而这就是另一个故事了。

单词表

occupy v. 使用，占据
labour force n. 劳动力
keep up 维持，不落后
run out 耗尽
spam n. 群发垃圾邮件
prop v. 支撑
capture v. 武力夺取

译自：https://qr.ae/przdmW

时间：2020年1月17日

Is Japan afraid of China's revival?

答主：Michael Ji Fe, Studied at Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)

Absolutely, I been to Japan, knows quite some, and on a personal basis I like Japanese, Japanese are polite, at least on surface, homogeneous, are very keen in details, they generally don't like to take charge of doing things, or take responsibilities when things goes wrong in, they don't want to be seen as trouble by the mainstream, but if there is a Yang then there is always a Ying, the darkside is that Japan doesn't wanna recognize it's past wrong, especially during WW2, it's low esteem when things goes wrong and super confidence without regard to other when things are going well.
当然如此，我去过日本，对此有不少的了解。在个人意义上，我喜欢日本人。日本人很讲礼貌（至少表面上如此）、同质化、讲究细节，他们通常不喜欢当某件事情的负责人、或者在事情做错时承担责任，他们不想被主流视为麻烦。但万事有阳必有阴，日本的阴暗面就是不喜欢承认过去的错误，特别是在第二次世界大战中。当事情往错误的方向发展时他们会自尊心低下，而事情顺利时，他们就会自信心膨胀，完全不关注别人。

This make Japans relationship with it's neighbors like Koreas and China hard to reconcile.
这使得日本和他的邻居，如韩国、中国等关系很难调和。

Although most Japanese will deny that they are frightened by China and it's rapid development, but if you know them well enough, at least some will admit that they are afraid that China will extract a way of revenge vs Japan because of it's past aggression vs China when China was weak, split and in civilwar, and it's refusal to adhere to a formal reconciliation which includes formal apology to the countries it ravaged, the overall anxiety level in Japan have increased greatly the past 20 years, anyone claiming it's not are simply not been truthful.
尽管大多数日本人都会否认他们被中国及其快速地发展吓坏了，但如果你对他们足够了解，至少一些人会承认他们害怕中国会选择一条向日本复仇的道路，因为在过去中国虚弱、分裂的内战期间，日本曾经侵略中国，而日本拒绝坚持包括向它破坏过的国家正式道歉在内的和解方案。日本国内的总体焦虑水平在过去的20年里大大提升了，任何声称并无此事的人都只是没在说实话而已。

单词表

revival n. 复苏，复兴
absolutely adv. 绝对地
homogeneous adj. 同种类的，同性质的
keen adj. 渴望，热衷于
take charge of 负责
esteem n. 尊重
low esteem 自尊心低下
reconcile v. 调和，使和解
extract v. 提取，索取，选取
split adj. 分裂的
adhere v. 遵守，坚持
reconciliation n. 和解，复交
ravage v. 破坏，劫掠
overall adj. 全面的，总体的
anxiety n. 焦虑
simply adv. 只不过是

译自：https://qr.ae/przKop

时间：2021年12月4日

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