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Do the mainland Chinese people believe the CCP story that the Qing dynasty (i.e. when the Manchus ruled the Chinese) was a Chinese empire?

答主：Jamie Wang, Born and raised in China, had lived in Swiss and Germany

I am a Manchu, and this is what I learnt about the history:
我是个满人，我所了解的历史是这样的：

·For the first generation of Manchu people in Qing Dynasty, most of them didn’t speak any Chinese. There used to be Han people living in their houses as translators.
·清朝的第一代满人绝大多数一点汉语都不会讲。他们曾经需要汉人住在家里充当翻译。

·Second generation of Manchu people began to learn Chinese. That gradually caused the elimination of job of being translator.
·第二代满人开始学习汉语。这导致翻译这一工作逐渐消失。

·Ever since the 7th emperor Jia Qing, Chinese became the major language. Because the emperor spoke better Chinese than Manchu.
·从第七代皇帝嘉庆开始，汉语成为主要语言。因为皇帝汉语讲得比满语好。

·The last emperor, Pu Yi, could barely speak any Manchu.
·末代皇帝溥仪几乎不会说任何满语。

Unlike any civilization you ever know, Chinese culture doesn’t care about its purity. It's a sponge which absorbing from other cultures.
与任何你所知的文明不同，中国文化不在乎它的纯洁性。它就像是一块会吸收其他文化的海绵。

If you want to conquer China, there are only 2 options: you could either kill every Chinese to eliminate Chinese culture, or eventually you will be assimilated by Chinese culture. My ancestors voluntarily chose the 2nd one.
如果你想征服中国，只有两种选择：要么杀光所有中国人，消灭中国文化；要么最终被中国文化同化。我的祖先们自己选择了第二条道路。

Qing Empire is of course a Chinese empire.
清朝毫无疑问是中华帝国的一部分。

Its emperors used to wear clothes with dragons, and calling themselves as the son of the sky (god), which are exactly the same as previous empire.
清朝皇帝曾经身着龙袍，并且自称天子，和原先的帝国一模一样。

Sure they brought something Manchu to the royal family and the country, but that doesn’t change the fact that Qing Empire is part of Chinese history.
当然，他们给皇室和这个国家带来了一些满族的东西，但这不影响清朝是中国历史的一部分这一事实。

The emperors of Qing Empire actively chinesized themselves, because they wanted to be the emperor of China.
清朝的皇帝们积极地把他们中国化了，因为他们想成为中国的皇帝。

单词表

elimination n. 消除，淘汰
barely adv. 几乎不
purity n. 纯净
sponge n. 海绵块
assimilate v. 童话
voluntarily adv. 以自由意志

译自：https://qr.ae/prMXkk

时间：2023年3月3日

Why is Vladimir Lenin always viewed as a good person and Joseph Stalin always viewed as a bad person?

答主：Dima Vorobiev, Former Soviet propaganda executive

I would take “always” out of that statement. Lenin is often viewed in a more benign way than Stalin.
我要把这个表达里的“总是”一词拿走。与斯大林相比，列宁常常被以一种更温和的方式看待。

·Lenin belonged to the generation of revolutionary romantics, while Stalin was a relentless, pragmatic empire builder, hard as nail in his Machiavellian understanding of politics.
·列宁属于革命浪漫主义的一代人，而斯大林是一个苛刻、无情又务实的帝国建造者，和他马基雅维利主义的政治哲学一样冷酷无情。

·Lenin pioneered concentration camps for his own non-combatant compatriots, but they were not a feature of his rule, and were not as deadly as Stalin’s Gulag. He had a liking for hostage taking and summary executions. But Lenin was disarmingly straightforward about it. Meanwhile, Stalin went to great lengths to make his giant people-mower of state as unobtrusive and undocumented as possible—yet the sheer scale of human death and suffering caused by him makes him very hard to defend even for extreme fans of radical justice.
·列宁开创了用来关押他的平民同胞们的集中营，但这不是他的统治特点，而且也不像斯大林的古拉格那样致命。他喜欢扣留人质和从速处刑犯人。但是列宁对此坦率得令人佩服。与此同时，斯大林却竭尽全力让他巨大的国家杀人机器变得越隐蔽、越不留下文档越好——然而他所造成的大规模的人类苦难和死亡，让即便是激进正义的极端支持者也非常难以捍卫斯大林的立场。

·Stalin turned on his own party comrades, killing them in their thousands. Lenin didn’t do that even to people who he considered traitors to the proletarian cause.
·斯大林把火力转向他同党的同志，杀死了数以千计的党员。列宁甚至没有对被他认为是无产阶级事业的叛徒的人做这样的事。

·Lenin allowed factions in the party. You could disagree with the man on some fundamental things, and still sit on the Central Committee. (Modern cappuccino Communists, who never seem to agree with each other on anything, greatly appreciate that). With Stalin, doing the same was suicidal.
·列宁允许党内存在不同派系。你可以在一些非常重大的问题上反对他的同时，安然坐在中央委员会的位置上。（现在的那些看起来从未在任何事情上达成一致的“卡布奇诺式”共产主义者们非常赞赏这一点）对于斯大林，你做同样的事情就是想自杀。

·Lenin’s secret police Cheká was a loose bunch of marauding, sadistic, homicidal predators in revolutionary garbs who were good for terrorizing population and showing everyone who is in charge, but rarely for much else. The Kremlin had very scant control over who they were and what they were doing outside the inner circles of most trusted Bolsheviks. Stalin’s OGPU-NKVD-MGB-KGB was a huge, well-oiled, highly trained killing and spying machine kept by Stalin in good shape and on a very short leash—a beast rarely appreciated by revolutionary romantics.
·列宁的秘密警察“契卡”是在革命这一抓手下，聚集了一群四处抢劫、残酷成性、杀人如麻的掠食者的松散群体，它在恐吓人民、展现出谁在统治国家这方面很好用，但鲜少有其他作用。克里姆林宫对于除最核心、最可靠的布尔什维克圈子之外的什么人做了什么事的掌控能力非常不足。而斯大林的国家政治保卫总局——内务人民委员部——国家安全部——国家安全委员会是一个巨大、运转流畅、训练有素的暗杀和间谍机器。它由斯大林本人维系，精力充沛且限制极少，是一头极少受革命浪漫主义欣赏的猛兽。

·Lenin was a challenger, an underdog, a figure many of us can relate to. Stalin is known to history as a half-god moving around armies and industrial plants from the safety and comfort of the Kremlin. He’s an object of study, hate, admiration, but hardly someone you can imagine enjoying a cup of cappuccino with.
·列宁是一个挑战者，一个逆袭的黑马，一个许多人都可以共情的人。而斯大林在历史上则是在安全、舒适的克里姆林宫里调动军队和产业工厂的半身形象。他是学习、憎恨、仰慕的对象，但几乎不可能是一个你能想象和他一起喝一杯卡布奇诺的人。

The picture below shows the different images of Lenin and Stalin projected by the official Soviet propaganda, and now perpetuated by admirers of the Soviet Union and Bolshevism. Lenin is an extroverted, enthusiastic, articulate dreamer who carries you along with the power of his vision. Stalin is more of a Putin’s type of leader: introverted, calculating, perceptive wizard.
下图展示了苏联官方宣传中所展现的列宁和斯大林的不同形象，它如今依然长存在苏联和布尔什维克主义的支持者心中。列宁是一位外向、热情、善于表达的梦想家，依靠他观点的力量带着你前进；斯大林则更像是一位普京式的领导者：内向、精于计算、洞察力敏锐的巫师。

单词表

statement n. 表达
benign adj. 温和的
relentless adj. 苛刻无情的
pragmatic  adj. 务实的
hard as nails 冷酷无情
pioneer v. 开辟（道路）
concentration camp n. 集中营
non-combatant n. 非军事人员
compatriot n. 同国人，同胞
feature n. 特点
liking n. 喜好
hostage n. 人质
take hostage 扣留人质
summary adj. 从速从简的
disarmingly adv. 使人消气地
straightforward adj. 坦率的
go to great lengths 竭尽全力
mower 割草机
unobtrusinve adj. 不张扬的
yet conj. 然而
sheer n. 十足的
scale n. 规模
radical n. 极端的
traitor n. 叛徒
proletarian adj. 无产阶级的
cause n. （为之奋斗的）事业
faction n. 派系
fundamental adj. 十分重大的，根本的
cappuccino  n. 卡布奇诺咖啡
suicidal adj. 想自杀的
loose adj. 松散的
bunch n. （人的）群体
marauding adj. 到处抢劫的
sadistic adj. 残酷成性的
homicidal adj. 有杀人倾向的
predator n. 掠食者
terrorize v. 恐吓
scant adj. 不足的
inner adj. 接近中心的
OGPU 国家政治保卫总局
NKVD 内务人民委员部
MGB 国家安全部
KGB 国家安全委员会
well-oiled adj. 运转流畅的
in good shape 精神或身体状态好
leash n. 拴狗链，（比喻）约束
underdog n. 弱者，黑马
relate to 能够理解并同情
move arround 走来走去
industrial adj. 产业的
project v. 展现
perpetuate v. 使长久
extrovert adj. 性格外向的
enthusiastic adj. 热情的
articulate adj. 善于表达的
introverted adj. 性格内向的
perceptive adj. 有洞察力的
wizard n. 巫师

译自：https://qr.ae/prMXkk

时间：2018年6月12日

Why does anybody think of China as a great threat?

答主：Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam, Lawyer

Think about it?
考虑一下？

In 1995, the USSR was finished and Russia was a cesspit of corruption and decay. China was a nobody.
1995年时，苏联已经终结，而俄罗斯是个腐败衰弱的粪坑。中国还是个小角色。

The US could threaten disruption of weapons to Saudi Arabia and arm the Yemeni rebels in 3 weeks and force a civil war if the Saudis didn't toe the line.
如果沙特阿拉伯不听从美国，美国可以用中断武器供应来威胁，甚至可以在3周内武装起也门叛军，强行启动一场内战。

The US could threaten a blockade in Malacca and threaten South Asia if they didn't toe the line.
如果东南亚不听从美国，美国可以威胁封锁马六甲海峡。

The US could force half the world to be without Gas Or Oil if they didn't toe the line.
如果其他国家不听从美国，美国可以让半个世界没有油气供应。

They controlled directly or with their lackeys or allies - all the shipping, ports, oil trade, gas trade and weaponry。
它们直接控制或通过仆从与盟友间接控制所有海运、港口、石油天然气贸易和武器。

Today?
而今天？

Nopes.
非也。

Today the US has two major obstacles - CHINA and RUSSIA
今天的美国拥有两个主要阻碍——中国和俄罗斯。

Today China controls more ports, more shipping than US or most of it's allies.
今天的中国比美国和它绝大多数的盟友控制着更多的港口和海运。

Today China can resume a weapons supply to any nation in the world.
今天的中国可以恢复世界上任何国家的武器供应。

Today Russia can provide Oil and Gas with Chinese Tankers and LNG ships vide the BRI routes to any corner of the Earth.
今天的俄罗斯可以参照一带一路倡议，通过中国的油轮和液化天然气船为世界任何一个角落提供油气。

Today the Chinese Navy is strong enough to prevent a blockade in Malacca and the land routes can by pass any blockade and keep the trade going.
今天的中国海军已经强大到可以阻止对马六甲海峡的封锁，陆路运输也可以忽略任何封锁保持贸易畅通。

The Rise of China means a Multipolar World after nearly 40 years.
中国的崛起意味着接下来的40年里将会是多极世界。

The end of Western hegemony.
西方的霸权结束了。

So anyone who is the hegemon would be threatened by China.
所以，谁在这个世界上称霸，谁就会受到中国的威胁。

单词表

cesspit n. 粪坑
corruption n. 腐败
decay n. 衰弱
nobody n. 小人物
disruption n. 中断
Yemeni adj. 也门的
toe the line 听从
blockade n. 封锁
lackey n. 仆从
ally n. 盟友
weaponry n. 武器（总称）
nope adv. 不是
obstacle n. 阻碍
resume n. 重启，恢复
tanker n. 油轮
LNG =Liquefied Natural Gas 液化天然气
BRI =Belt and Road Initiative 一带一路倡议
vide v. 参见
bypass v. 避开，忽视
multipolar adj. 多极的
hegemony n. 霸权

译自：https://qr.ae/prZR4N

时间：2023年1月15日

After Hitler, which dictator was the worst in history?

Susanna Viljanen, Works at Aalto University

Hitler wasn’t the worst. My vote goes to Pol Pot. He was the dictator of Cambodia 1976–1978.
希特勒并不是最坏的。我投波尔布特一票。他是1976-1978年间的柬埔寨独裁者。

His claims to infame:
他声名狼藉的原因：

·Killed more people in proportion to the size of the nation than any other dictator
·依国家大小的比例算，比其他任何独裁者都杀死了更多人

·Killed most people in shortest timeframe
·在最短的时间范围内杀死了最多的人

·Destroyed the economy of Cambodia
·摧毁了柬埔寨经济

Destroyed the intelligentsia of Cambodia
·摧毁了柬埔寨知识阶层

·Effectively rendered Cambodia back to the Bronze Age
·高效地让柬埔寨返回青铜时代

·Destroyed the infrastructure of Cambodia
·摧毁了柬埔寨的基础建设

·Caused a man-made famine in Cambodia
·在柬埔寨引发了一场人为的饥荒

·Obliterated literacy in Cambodia
·彻底毁灭了柬埔寨人的读写能力

·Deurbanized and deindustrialized the country completely
·让国家完全去城市化和去工业化

·Sowed the land full of land mines, making 30% of the fields of Cambodia uncultivable
·在地上布满地雷，让柬埔寨30%的土地无法耕种

·Founded the largest extermination camps ever and coined the concept “killing fields”.
·建立了最大规模的灭绝集中营并创造了“杀人场”这个概念。

Finally his ambitions went too far when he attacked Vietnam. The Khmer Rouge military, already starving and badly armed for anything else than terrorizing unarmed people with eyeglasses, collapsed in front of the Vietnamese military (who had just kicked the arses of both USA and China).
最终当他进攻越南时，他的野心彻底走远了。红色高棉军队已经处于饥饿之中，并且武装很差，除了用眼镜来恐吓手无寸铁的民众外做不了什么。它们在越南军队（这支军队刚刚踢过美国和中国的屁股）面前崩溃了。

Never before has a foreign conqueror been welcomed so heartly than in Cambodia, and never before has a war turned so quickly into a humanitarian rescue operation as in Cambodia.
在柬埔寨，从未有一位外国征服者能如此由衷地受到欢迎，也从未有一场战争能如此快速地变成一场人道主义救援。

单词表

claim to fame 出名的原因
infame adj. 声名狼藉的
proportion n. 比例
timeframe n. 时间范围
intelligentsia n. 知识阶层
render vt. 致使
infra- pref. 在下的
obliterate v. 彻底毁掉
literacy n. 读写能力
deurbanize v. 去城市化
deindustrialize vt. 去工业化
sow vt. 散布
mine n. 地雷
extermination n. 灭绝
coin v. 创造
starve vi. 挨饿
heartily adv. 衷心地
turn into v. 变成
humanitatian adj. 人道主义的

译自：https://qr.ae/preT9w

时间：2023年2月27日